SqlDependency.cs source code in C# .NET

Source code for the .NET framework in C#

                        

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/ Dotnetfx_Vista_SP2 / Dotnetfx_Vista_SP2 / 8.0.50727.4016 / DEVDIV / depot / DevDiv / releases / whidbey / NetFxQFE / ndp / fx / src / Data / System / Data / SqlClient / SqlDependency.cs / 1 / SqlDependency.cs

                            //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
// 
//     Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// 
// [....] 
// [....]
// [....] 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

namespace System.Data.SqlClient { 

    using System;
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Collections.Generic; 
    using System.Data;
    using System.Data.Common; 
    using System.Data.ProviderBase; 
    using System.Data.Sql;
    using System.Data.SqlClient; 
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
    using System.Runtime.Remoting; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary; 
    using System.Security;
    using System.Security.Cryptography; 
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Security.Principal;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading; 
    using System.Net;
    using System.Xml; 
 
#if WINFSInternalOnly
    internal 
#else
    public
#endif
    sealed class SqlDependency { 

        // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
        // Private class encapsulating the user/identity information - either SQL Auth username or Windows identity. 
        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        internal class IdentityUserNamePair {
            private DbConnectionPoolIdentity _identity;
            private string                   _userName;
 
            internal IdentityUserNamePair(DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity, string userName) {
                Debug.Assert( (identity == null && userName != null) || 
                              (identity != null && userName == null), "Unexpected arguments!"); 
                _identity = identity;
                _userName = userName; 
            }

            internal DbConnectionPoolIdentity Identity {
                get { 
                    return _identity;
                } 
            } 

            internal string UserName { 
                get {
                    return _userName;
                }
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) { 
                IdentityUserNamePair temp = (IdentityUserNamePair) value; 

                bool result = false; 

                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false.
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true; 
                } 
                else {
                    if (_identity != null) { 
                        if (_identity.Equals(temp._identity)) {
                            result = true;
                        }
                    } 
                    else if (_userName == temp._userName) {
                        result = true; 
                    } 
                }
 
                return result;
            }

            override public int GetHashCode() { 
                int hashValue = 0;
 
                if (null != _identity) { 
                    hashValue = _identity.GetHashCode();
                } 
                else {
                    hashValue = _userName.GetHashCode();
                }
 
                return hashValue;
            } 
        } 
        // ----------------------------------------
        // END IdentityHashHelper private class. 
        // ----------------------------------------

        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Private class encapsulating the database, service info and hash logic. 
        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        private class DatabaseServicePair { 
            private string _database;
            private string _service; // Store the value, but don't use for equality or hashcode! 

            internal DatabaseServicePair(string database, string service) {
                Debug.Assert(database != null, "Unexpected argument!");
                _database = database; 
                _service  = service;
            } 
 
            internal string Database {
                get { 
                    return _database;
                }
            }
 
            internal string Service {
                get { 
                    return _service; 
                }
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) {
                DatabaseServicePair temp = (DatabaseServicePair) value;
 
                bool result = false;
 
                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false. 
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true;
                }
                else if (_database == temp._database) { 
                    result = true;
                } 
 
                return result;
            } 

            override public int GetHashCode() {
                return _database.GetHashCode();
            } 
        }
        // ---------------------------------------- 
        // END IdentityHashHelper private class. 
        // ----------------------------------------
 
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Private class encapsulating the event and it's registered execution context.
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        internal class EventContextPair {
            private OnChangeEventHandler     _eventHandler; 
            private ExecutionContext         _context; 
            private SqlDependency            _dependency;
            private SqlNotificationEventArgs _args; 

            static private ContextCallback _contextCallback = new ContextCallback(InvokeCallback);

            internal EventContextPair(OnChangeEventHandler eventHandler, SqlDependency dependency) { 
                Debug.Assert(eventHandler != null && dependency != null, "Unexpected arguments!");
                _eventHandler = eventHandler; 
                _context      = ExecutionContext.Capture(); 
                _dependency   = dependency;
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) {
                EventContextPair temp = (EventContextPair) value;
 
                bool result = false;
 
                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false. 
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true;
                }
                else { 
                    if (_eventHandler == temp._eventHandler) { // Handler for same delegates are reference equivalent.
                        result = true; 
                    } 
                }
 
                return result;
            }

            override public int GetHashCode() { 
                return _eventHandler.GetHashCode();
            } 
 
            internal void Invoke(SqlNotificationEventArgs args) {
                _args = args; 
                ExecutionContext.Run(_context, _contextCallback, this);
            }

            private static void InvokeCallback(object eventContextPair) { 
                EventContextPair pair = (EventContextPair) eventContextPair;
                pair._eventHandler(pair._dependency, (SqlNotificationEventArgs) pair._args); 
            } 
        }
        // ---------------------------------------- 
        // END EventContextPair private class.
        // ----------------------------------------

 

        // ---------------- 
        // Instance members 
        // ----------------
 
        // SqlNotificationRequest required state members

        // Only used for SqlDependency.Id.
        private readonly string                         _id                   = Guid.NewGuid().ToString() + ";" + _appDomainKey; 
        private string                                  _options; // Concat of service & db, in the form "service=x;local database=y".
        private int                                     _timeout; 
 
        // Various SqlDependency required members
        private bool                                    _dependencyFired      = false; 
        // SQL BU DT 382314 - we are required to implement our own event collection to preserve ExecutionContext on callback.
        private List                  _eventList            = new List();
        private object                                  _eventHandlerLock     = new object(); // Lock for event serialization.
        // Track the time that this dependency should time out. If the server didn't send a change 
        // notification or a time-out before this point then the client will perform a client-side
        // timeout. 
        private DateTime                                _expirationTime       = DateTime.MaxValue; 
        // Used for invalidation of dependencies based on which servers they rely upon.
        // It's possible we will over invalidate if unexpected server failure occurs (but not server down). 
        private List                            _serverList           = new List();

        // --------------
        // Static members 
        // --------------
 
        private static object                           _startStopLock        = new object(); 
        private static readonly string                  _appDomainKey         = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
        // Hashtable containing all information to match from a server, user, database triple to the service started for that 
        // triple.  For each server, there can be N users.  For each user, there can be N databases.  For each server, user,
        // database, there can only be one service.
        private static Dictionary>> _serverUserHash =
                   new Dictionary>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase); 
        private static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher   _processDispatcher    = null;
        // The following two strings are used for AppDomain.CreateInstance. 
        private static readonly string                  _assemblyName         = (typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher)).Assembly.FullName; 
        private static readonly string                  _typeName             = (typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher)).FullName;
 
        // -----------
        // BID members
        // -----------
 
        internal const Bid.ApiGroup NotificationsTracePoints = (Bid.ApiGroup)0x2000;
 
        private readonly int _objectID = System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref _objectTypeCount); 
        private static   int _objectTypeCount; // Bid counter
        internal int ObjectID { 
            get {
                return _objectID;
            }
        } 

        // ------------ 
        // Constructors 
        // ------------
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public SqlDependency() : this(null, null, SQL.SqlDependencyTimeoutDefault) {
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public SqlDependency(SqlCommand command) : this(command, null, SQL.SqlDependencyTimeoutDefault) { 
        } 

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public SqlDependency(SqlCommand command, string options, int timeout) {
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, options: '%ls', timeout: '%d'", ObjectID, options, timeout);
            try { 
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) {
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc(); 
                } 
                if (timeout < 0) {
                    throw SQL.InvalidSqlDependencyTimeout("timeout"); 
                }
                _timeout = timeout;

                if (null != options) { // Ignore null value - will force to default. 
                    _options = options;
                } 
 
                AddCommandInternal(command);
                SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.AddDependencyEntry(this); // Add dep to hashtable with Id. 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        // ----------------- 
        // Public Properties
        // ----------------- 

        [
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_HasChanges) 
        ]
        public bool HasChanges { 
            get { 
                return _dependencyFired;
            } 
        }

        [
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data), 
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_Id)
        ] 
        public string Id { 
            get {
                return _id; 
            }
        }

        // ------------------- 
        // Internal Properties
        // ------------------- 
 
        internal static string AppDomainKey {
            get { 
                return _appDomainKey;
            }
        }
 
        internal DateTime ExpirationTime {
            get { 
                return _expirationTime; 
            }
        } 

        internal string Options {
            get {
                string result = null; 

                if (null != _options) { 
                    result = _options; 
                }
 
                return result;
            }
        }
 
        internal static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher ProcessDispatcher {
            get { 
                return _processDispatcher; 
            }
        } 

        internal List ServerList {
            get {
                return _serverList; 
            }
        } 
 
        internal int Timeout {
            get { 
                return _timeout;
            }
        }
 
        // ------
        // Events 
        // ------ 

        [ 
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_OnChange)
        ]
        public event OnChangeEventHandler OnChange { 
            // EventHandlers to be fired when dependency is notified.
            add { 
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (null != value) {
                        SqlNotificationEventArgs sqlNotificationEvent = null;

                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                            if (_dependencyFired) { // If fired, fire the new event immediately.
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Dependency already fired, firing new event.\n"); 
                                sqlNotificationEvent = new SqlNotificationEventArgs(SqlNotificationType.Subscribe, SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged, SqlNotificationSource.Client); 
                            }
                            else { 
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Dependency has not fired, adding new event.\n");
                                EventContextPair pair = new EventContextPair(value, this);
                                if (!_eventList.Contains(pair)) {
                                    _eventList.Add(pair); 
                                }
                                else { 
                                    throw SQL.SqlDependencyEventNoDuplicate(); // SQL BU DT 382314 
                                }
                            } 
                        }

                        if (null != sqlNotificationEvent) { // Delay firing the event until outside of lock.
                            value(this, sqlNotificationEvent); 
                        }
                    } 
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
                }
            }
            remove {
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (null != value) { 
                        EventContextPair pair = new EventContextPair(value, this);
                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                            int index = _eventList.IndexOf(pair);
                            if (0 <= index) {
                                _eventList.RemoveAt(index);
                            } 
                        }
                    } 
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
                }
            }
        }
 
        // --------------
        // Public Methods 
        // -------------- 

        [ 
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_AddCommandDependency)
        ]
        public void AddCommandDependency(SqlCommand command) { 
            // Adds command to dependency collection so we automatically create the SqlNotificationsRequest object
            // and listen for a notification for the added commands. 
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                if (command == null) {
                    throw ADP.ArgumentNull("command");
                }
 
                AddCommandInternal(command);
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        [System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission(System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction.Assert, MemberAccess=true)]
        private static ObjectHandle CreateProcessDispatcher(_AppDomain masterDomain) { 
            return masterDomain.CreateInstance(_assemblyName, _typeName);
        } 
 
        // ----------------------------------
        // Static Methods - public & internal 
        // ----------------------------------

        // Method to obtain AppDomain reference and then obtain the reference to the process wide dispatcher for
        // Start() and Stop() method calls on the individual SqlDependency instances. 
        private static void ObtainProcessDispatcher() {
            byte[] nativeStorage = SNINativeMethodWrapper.GetData(); 
 
            if (nativeStorage == null) {
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" nativeStorage null, obtaining dispatcher AppDomain and creating ProcessDispatcher.\n"); 
#if DEBUG       // Possibly expensive, limit to debug.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName: %ls\n", AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName);
#endif
                _AppDomain masterDomain = SNINativeMethodWrapper.GetDefaultAppDomain(); 

                if (null != masterDomain) { 
                    ObjectHandle handle = CreateProcessDispatcher(masterDomain); 

                    if (null != handle) { 
                        SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher dependency = (SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher) handle.Unwrap();

                        if (null != dependency) {
                            _processDispatcher = dependency.SingletonProcessDispatcher; // Set to static instance. 

                            // Serialize and set in native. 
                            ObjRef objRef = GetObjRef(_processDispatcher); 
                            BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
                            MemoryStream    stream    = new MemoryStream(); 
                            GetSerializedObject(objRef, formatter, stream);
                            SNINativeMethodWrapper.SetData(stream.GetBuffer()); // Native will be forced to synchronize and not overwrite.
                        }
                        else { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - ObjectHandle.Unwrap returned null!\n");
                            throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyObtainProcessDispatcherFailureObjectHandle); 
                        } 
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - AppDomain.CreateInstance returned null!\n");
                        throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyProcessDispatcherFailureCreateInstance);
                    }
                } 
                else {
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - unable to obtain default AppDomain!\n"); 
                    throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyProcessDispatcherFailureAppDomain); 
                }
            } 
            else {
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" nativeStorage not null, obtaining existing dispatcher AppDomain and ProcessDispatcher.\n");
#if DEBUG       // Possibly expensive, limit to debug.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName: %ls\n", AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); 
#endif
                BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter(); 
                MemoryStream    stream    = new MemoryStream(nativeStorage); 
                _processDispatcher = GetDeserializedObject(formatter, stream); // Deserialize and set for appdomain.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" processDispatcher obtained, ID: %d\n", _processDispatcher.ObjectID); 
            }
        }

        // --------------------------------------------------------- 
        // Static security asserted methods - limit scope of assert.
        // ---------------------------------------------------------- 
 
        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.RemotingConfiguration)]
        private static ObjRef GetObjRef(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher _processDispatcher) { 
            return RemotingServices.Marshal(_processDispatcher);
        }

        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)] 
        private static void GetSerializedObject(ObjRef objRef, BinaryFormatter formatter, MemoryStream stream) {
            formatter.Serialize(stream, objRef); 
        } 

        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)] 
        private static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher GetDeserializedObject(BinaryFormatter formatter, MemoryStream stream) {
            object result = formatter.Deserialize(stream);
            Debug.Assert(result.GetType() == typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher), "Unexpected type stored in native!");
            return (SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher) result; 
        }
 
        // ------------------------- 
        // Static Start/Stop methods
        // ------------------------- 

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public static bool Start(string connectionString) {
            return Start(connectionString, null, true); 
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public static bool Start(string connectionString, string queue) {
            return Start(connectionString, queue, false); 
        }

        internal static bool Start(string connectionString, string queue, bool useDefaults) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " AppDomainKey: '%ls', queue: '%ls'", AppDomainKey, queue);
            try { 
                // The following code exists in Stop as well.  It exists here to demand permissions as high in the stack 
                // as possible.
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) { 
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc();
                }

                if (ADP.IsEmpty(connectionString)) { 
                    if (null == connectionString) {
                        throw ADP.ArgumentNull("connectionString"); 
                    } 
                    else {
                        throw ADP.Argument("connectionString"); 
                    }
                }

                if (!useDefaults && ADP.IsEmpty(queue)) { // If specified but null or empty, use defaults. 
                    useDefaults = true;
                    queue       = null; // Force to null - for proper hashtable comparison for default case. 
                } 

                // Create new connection options for demand on their connection string.  We modify the connection string 
                // and assert on our modified string when we create the container.
                SqlConnectionString connectionStringObject = new SqlConnectionString(connectionString);
                connectionStringObject.DemandPermission();
                // End duplicate Start/Stop logic. 

                bool errorOccurred = false; 
                bool result        = false; 

                lock (_startStopLock) { 
                    try {
                        if (null == _processDispatcher) { // Ensure _processDispatcher reference is present - inside lock.
                            ObtainProcessDispatcher();
                        } 

                        if (useDefaults) { // Default listener. 
                            string                   server         = null; 
                            DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity       = null;
                            string                   user           = null; 
                            string                   database       = null;
                            string                   service        = null;
                            bool                     appDomainStart = false;
 
                            RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions();
                            try { // CER to ensure that if Start succeeds we add to hash completing setup. 
                                // Start using process wide default service/queue & database from connection string. 
                                result = _processDispatcher.StartWithDefault(    connectionString,
                                                                             out server, 
                                                                             out identity,
                                                                             out user,
                                                                             out database,
                                                                             ref service, 
                                                                                 _appDomainKey,
                                                                                 SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance, 
                                                                             out errorOccurred, 
                                                                             out appDomainStart);
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Start (defaults) returned: '%d', with service: '%ls', server: '%ls', database: '%ls'\n", result, service, server, database); 
                            }
                            finally {
                                if (appDomainStart && !errorOccurred) { // If success, add to hashtable.
                                    IdentityUserNamePair identityUser    = new IdentityUserNamePair(identity, user); 
                                    DatabaseServicePair  databaseService = new DatabaseServicePair(database, service);
                                    if (!AddToServerUserHash(server, identityUser, databaseService)) { 
                                        try { 
                                            Stop(connectionString, queue, useDefaults, true);
                                        } 
                                        catch (Exception e) { // Discard stop failure!
                                            if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) {
                                                throw;
                                            } 

                                            ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now. 
                                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Exception occurred from Stop() after duplicate was found on Start().\n"); 
                                        }
                                        throw SQL.SqlDependencyDuplicateStart(); 
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        } 
                        else { // Start with specified service/queue & database.
                            result = _processDispatcher.Start(connectionString, 
                                                              queue, 
                                                              _appDomainKey,
                                                              SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance); 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Start (user provided queue) returned: '%d'\n", result);
                            // No need to call AddToServerDatabaseHash since if not using default queue user is required
                            // to provide options themselves.
                        } 
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) { 
                        if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) { 
                            throw;
                        } 

                        ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now.

                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Exception occurred from _processDispatcher.Start(...), calling Invalidate(...).\n"); 
                        throw;
                    } 
                } 

                return result; 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public static bool Stop(string connectionString) {
            return Stop(connectionString, null, true, false); 
        }

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public static bool Stop(string connectionString, string queue) { 
            return Stop(connectionString, queue, false, false);
        } 
 
        internal static bool Stop(string connectionString, string queue, bool useDefaults, bool startFailed) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " AppDomainKey: '%ls', queue: '%ls'", AppDomainKey, queue);
            try {
                // The following code exists in Stop as well.  It exists here to demand permissions as high in the stack
                // as possible. 
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) {
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc(); 
                } 

                if (ADP.IsEmpty(connectionString)) { 
                    if (null == connectionString) {
                        throw ADP.ArgumentNull("connectionString");
                    }
                    else { 
                        throw ADP.Argument("connectionString");
                    } 
                } 

                if (!useDefaults && ADP.IsEmpty(queue)) { // If specified but null or empty, use defaults. 
                    useDefaults = true;
                    queue       = null; // Force to null - for proper hashtable comparison for default case.
                }
 
                // Create new connection options for demand on their connection string.  We modify the connection string
                // and assert on our modified string when we create the container. 
                SqlConnectionString connectionStringObject = new SqlConnectionString(connectionString); 
                connectionStringObject.DemandPermission();
                // End duplicate Start/Stop logic. 

                bool result = false;

                lock (_startStopLock) { 
                    if (null != _processDispatcher) { // If _processDispatcher null, no Start has been called.
                        try { 
                            string                   server   = null; 
                            DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity = null;
                            string                   user     = null; 
                            string                   database = null;
                            string                   service  = null;

                            if (useDefaults) { 
                                bool   appDomainStop = false;
 
                                RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions(); 
                                try { // CER to ensure that if Stop succeeds we remove from hash completing teardown.
                                    // Start using process wide default service/queue & database from connection string. 
                                    result = _processDispatcher.Stop(    connectionString,
                                                                     out server,
                                                                     out identity,
                                                                     out user, 
                                                                     out database,
                                                                     ref service, 
                                                                         _appDomainKey, 
                                                                     out appDomainStop);
                                } 
                                finally {
                                    if (appDomainStop && !startFailed) { // If success, remove from hashtable.
                                        Debug.Assert(!ADP.IsEmpty(server) && !ADP.IsEmpty(database), "Server or Database null/Empty upon successfull Stop()!");
                                        IdentityUserNamePair identityUser    = new IdentityUserNamePair(identity, user); 
                                        DatabaseServicePair  databaseService = new DatabaseServicePair(database, service);
                                        RemoveFromServerUserHash(server, identityUser, databaseService); 
                                    } 
                                }
                            } 
                            else {
                                bool ignored = false;
                                result = _processDispatcher.Stop(    connectionString,
                                                                 out server, 
                                                                 out identity,
                                                                 out user, 
                                                                 out database, 
                                                                 ref queue,
                                                                     _appDomainKey, 
                                                                 out ignored);
                                // No need to call RemoveFromServerDatabaseHash since if not using default queue user is required
                                // to provide options themselves.
                            } 
                        }
                        catch (Exception e) { 
                            if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) { 
                                throw;
                            } 

                            ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now.
                        }
                    } 
                }
                return result; 
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
            }
        }

        // -------------------------------- 
        // General static utility functions
        // -------------------------------- 
 
        private static bool AddToServerUserHash(string server, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, DatabaseServicePair databaseService) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', database: '%ls', service: '%ls'", server, databaseService.Database, databaseService.Service);
            try {
                bool result = false;
 
                lock (_serverUserHash) {
                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash; 
 
                    if (!_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash did not contain server, adding.\n"); 
                        identityDatabaseHash = new Dictionary>();
                        _serverUserHash.Add(server, identityDatabaseHash);
                    }
                    else { 
                        identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
                    } 
 
                    List databaseServiceList;
 
                    if (!identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash contained server but not user, adding user.\n");
                        databaseServiceList = new List();
                        identityDatabaseHash.Add(identityUser, databaseServiceList); 
                    }
                    else { 
                        databaseServiceList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 
                    }
 
                    if (!databaseServiceList.Contains(databaseService)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Adding database.\n");
                        databaseServiceList.Add(databaseService);
                        result = true; 
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash already contained server, user, and database - we will throw!.\n"); 
                    }
                } 

                return result;
            }
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        } 

        private static void RemoveFromServerUserHash(string server, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, DatabaseServicePair databaseService) { 
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', database: '%ls', service: '%ls'", server, databaseService.Database, databaseService.Service);
            try {
                lock (_serverUserHash) { 
                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash;
 
                    if (_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) { 
                        identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
 
                        List databaseServiceList;

                        if (identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) {
                            databaseServiceList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 

                            int index = databaseServiceList.IndexOf(databaseService); 
                            if (index >= 0) { 
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash contained server, user, and database - removing database.\n");
                                databaseServiceList.RemoveAt(index); 

                                if (databaseServiceList.Count == 0) {
                                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" databaseServiceList count 0, removing the list for this server and user.\n");
                                    identityDatabaseHash.Remove(identityUser); 

                                    if (identityDatabaseHash.Count == 0) { 
                                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" identityDatabaseHash count 0, removing the hash for this server.\n"); 
                                        _serverUserHash.Remove(server);
                                    } 
                                }
                            }
                            else {
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash contained server and user but not database!\n"); 
                                Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain database!");
                            } 
                        } 
                        else {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash contained server but not user!\n"); 
                            Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain user!");
                        }
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash did not contain server!\n");
                        Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain server!"); 
                    } 
                }
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            }
        } 

        internal static string GetDefaultComposedOptions(string server, string failoverServer, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, string database) { 
            // Server must be an exact match, but user and database only needs to match exactly if there is more than one 
            // for the given user or database passed.  That is ambiguious and we must fail.
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', failoverServer: '%ls', database: '%ls'", server, failoverServer, database);
            try {
                string result;
 
                lock (_serverUserHash) {
                    if (!_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) { 
                        if (0 == _serverUserHash.Count) { // Special error for no calls to start. 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - no start calls have been made, about to throw.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlDepDefaultOptionsButNoStart(); 
                        }
                        else if (!ADP.IsEmpty(failoverServer) && _serverUserHash.ContainsKey(failoverServer)) {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" using failover server instead\n");
                            server = failoverServer; 
                        }
                        else { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - not listening to this server, about to throw.\n"); 
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerStart();
                        } 
                    }

                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
 
                    List databaseList = null;
 
                    if (!identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) { 
                        if (identityDatabaseHash.Count > 1) {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - not listening for this user, but listening to more than one other user, about to throw.\n"); 
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerStart();
                        }
                        else {
                            // Since only one user, - use that. 
                            // Foreach - but only one value present.
                            foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in identityDatabaseHash) { 
                                databaseList = entry.Value; 
                                break; // Only iterate once.
                            } 
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        databaseList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 
                    }
 
                    DatabaseServicePair pair          = new DatabaseServicePair(database, null); 
                    DatabaseServicePair resultingPair = null;
                    int index = databaseList.IndexOf(pair); 
                    if (index != -1) { // Exact match found, use it.
                        resultingPair = databaseList[index];
                    }
 
                    if (null != resultingPair) { // Exact database match.
                        database = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Database); // Fixup in place. 
                        string quotedService = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Service); 
                        result = "Service="+quotedService+";Local Database="+database;
                    } 
                    else { // No exact database match found.
                        if (databaseList.Count == 1) { // If only one database for this server/user, use it.
                            object[] temp = databaseList.ToArray(); // Must copy, no other choice but foreach.
                            resultingPair = (DatabaseServicePair) temp[0]; 
                            Debug.Assert(temp.Length == 1, "If databaseList.Count==1, why does copied array have length other than 1?");
                            string quotedDatabase = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Database); 
                            string quotedService  = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Service); 
                            result = "Service="+quotedService+";Local Database="+quotedDatabase;
                        } 
                        else { // More than one database for given server, ambiguous - fail the default case!
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - SqlDependency.Start called multiple times for this server/user, but no matching database.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerDatabaseStart();
                        } 
                    }
                } 
 
                Debug.Assert(!ADP.IsEmpty(result), "GetDefaultComposedOptions should never return null or empty string!");
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" resulting options: '%ls'.\n", result); 
                return result;
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
            }
        } 
 
        // ----------------
        // Internal Methods 
        // ----------------

        // Called by SqlCommand upon execution of a SqlNotificationRequest class created by this dependency.  We
        // use this list for a reverse lookup based on server. 
        internal void AddToServerList(string server) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, server: '%ls'", ObjectID, server); 
            try {
                lock (_serverList) { 
                    int index = _serverList.BinarySearch(server, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
                    if (0 > index) { // If less than 0, item was not found in list.
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Server not present in hashtable, adding server: '%ls'.\n", server);
                        index = ~index; // BinarySearch returns the 2's compliment of where the item should be inserted to preserver a sorted list after insertion. 
                        _serverList.Insert(index, server);
 
                   } 
                }
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            }
        } 

        internal string ComputeHashAndAddToDispatcher(SqlCommand command) { 
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, command.ObjectID);
            try { 
                // Create a string representing the concatenation of the connection string, command text and .ToString on all parameter values.
                // This string will then be mapped to unique notification ID (new GUID).  We add the guid and the hash to the app domain
                // dispatcher to be able to map back to the dependency that needs to be fired for a notification of this
                // command. 

                // VSTS 59821: add Connection string to prevent redundant notifications when same command is running against different databases or SQL servers 
                // 

 
                string commandHash = ComputeCommandHash(command.Connection.ConnectionString, command); // calculate the string representation of command

                string idString = SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.AddCommandEntry(commandHash, this); // Add to map.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" computed id string: '%ls'.\n", idString); 
                return idString;
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        internal void Invalidate(SqlNotificationType type, SqlNotificationInfo info, SqlNotificationSource source) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                List eventList = null; 

                lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                    if (_dependencyFired                           &&
                        SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged != info &&
                        SqlNotificationSource.Client       != source) {
                        Debug.Assert(false, "Received notification twice - we should never enter this state!"); 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - notification received twice - we should never enter this state!");
                    } 
                    else { 
                        // It is the invalidators responsibility to remove this dependency from the app domain static hash.
                        _dependencyFired = true; 
                        eventList        = _eventList;
                        _eventList       = new List(); // Since we are firing the events, null so we do not fire again.
                    }
                } 

                if (eventList != null) { 
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Firing events.\n"); 
                    foreach(EventContextPair pair in eventList) {
                        pair.Invoke(new SqlNotificationEventArgs(type, info, source)); 
                    }
                }
            }
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        } 

        // This method is used by SqlCommand. 
        internal void StartTimer(SqlNotificationRequest notificationRequest) {
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                if(_expirationTime == DateTime.MaxValue) {			
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" We've timed out, executing logic.\n"); 
 
    				int seconds = SQL.SqlDependencyServerTimeout;
                    if (0 != _timeout) { 
    					seconds = _timeout;					
                    }
                    if (notificationRequest != null && notificationRequest.Timeout < seconds && notificationRequest.Timeout != 0) {						
    					seconds = notificationRequest.Timeout; 
    				}
 
                    _expirationTime = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(seconds); 
                    SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.StartTimer(this);
                } 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        // --------------- 
        // Private Methods
        // --------------- 

        private void AddCommandInternal(SqlCommand cmd) {
            if (cmd != null) { // Don't bother with BID if command null.
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, cmd.ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (cmd.Notification != null) { 
                        // Fail if cmd has notification that is not already associated with this dependency.
                        if (cmd._sqlDep == null || cmd._sqlDep != this) { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - throwing command has existing SqlNotificationRequest exception.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlCommandHasExistingSqlNotificationRequest();
                        }
                    } 
                    else {
                        bool needToInvalidate = false; 
 
                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) {
                            if (!_dependencyFired) { 
                                cmd.Notification = new SqlNotificationRequest();
                                cmd.Notification.Timeout = _timeout;

                                // Add the command - A dependancy should always map to a set of commands which haven't fired. 
                                if (null != _options) { // Assign options if user provided.
                                    cmd.Notification.Options = _options; 
                                } 

                                cmd._sqlDep = this; 
                            }
                            else {
                                // We should never be able to enter this state, since if we've fired our event list is cleared
                                // and the event method will immediately fire if a new event is added.  So, we should never have 
                                // an event to fire in the event list once we've fired.
                                Debug.Assert(0 == _eventList.Count, "How can we have an event at this point?"); 
                                if (0 == _eventList.Count) { // Keep logic just in case. 
                                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - firing events, though it is unexpected we have events at this point.\n");
                                    needToInvalidate = true; // Delay invalidation until outside of lock. 
                                }
                            }
                        }
 
                        if (needToInvalidate) {
                            Invalidate(SqlNotificationType.Subscribe, SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged, SqlNotificationSource.Client); 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
                }
            } 
        }
 
        private string ComputeCommandHash(string connectionString, SqlCommand command) { 
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, command.ObjectID); 
            try {
                // Create a string representing the concatenation of the connection string, the command text and .ToString on all its parameter values.
                // This string will then be mapped to the notification ID.
 
                // All types should properly support a .ToString for the values except
                // byte[], char[], and XmlReader. 
 
                // NOTE - I hope this doesn't come back to bite us.  :(
                StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); 

                // add the Connection string and the Command text
                builder.AppendFormat("{0};{1}", connectionString, command.CommandText);
 
                // append params
                for (int i=0; i ComputeCommandHash result: '%ls'.\n", result); 
                return result;
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        // Basic copy of function in SqlConnection.cs for ChangeDatabase and similar functionality.  Since this will
        // only be used for default service and database provided by server, we do not need to worry about an already 
        // quoted value.
        static internal string FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(string name) { 
            if (!ADP.IsEmpty(name)) { 
                return "\"" + name.Replace("\"", "\"\"") + "\"";
            } 
            else {
                return name;
            }
        } 
    }
} 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
// 
//     Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// 
// [....] 
// [....]
// [....] 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

namespace System.Data.SqlClient { 

    using System;
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Collections.Generic; 
    using System.Data;
    using System.Data.Common; 
    using System.Data.ProviderBase; 
    using System.Data.Sql;
    using System.Data.SqlClient; 
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
    using System.Runtime.Remoting; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary; 
    using System.Security;
    using System.Security.Cryptography; 
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Security.Principal;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading; 
    using System.Net;
    using System.Xml; 
 
#if WINFSInternalOnly
    internal 
#else
    public
#endif
    sealed class SqlDependency { 

        // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
        // Private class encapsulating the user/identity information - either SQL Auth username or Windows identity. 
        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        internal class IdentityUserNamePair {
            private DbConnectionPoolIdentity _identity;
            private string                   _userName;
 
            internal IdentityUserNamePair(DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity, string userName) {
                Debug.Assert( (identity == null && userName != null) || 
                              (identity != null && userName == null), "Unexpected arguments!"); 
                _identity = identity;
                _userName = userName; 
            }

            internal DbConnectionPoolIdentity Identity {
                get { 
                    return _identity;
                } 
            } 

            internal string UserName { 
                get {
                    return _userName;
                }
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) { 
                IdentityUserNamePair temp = (IdentityUserNamePair) value; 

                bool result = false; 

                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false.
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true; 
                } 
                else {
                    if (_identity != null) { 
                        if (_identity.Equals(temp._identity)) {
                            result = true;
                        }
                    } 
                    else if (_userName == temp._userName) {
                        result = true; 
                    } 
                }
 
                return result;
            }

            override public int GetHashCode() { 
                int hashValue = 0;
 
                if (null != _identity) { 
                    hashValue = _identity.GetHashCode();
                } 
                else {
                    hashValue = _userName.GetHashCode();
                }
 
                return hashValue;
            } 
        } 
        // ----------------------------------------
        // END IdentityHashHelper private class. 
        // ----------------------------------------

        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Private class encapsulating the database, service info and hash logic. 
        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        private class DatabaseServicePair { 
            private string _database;
            private string _service; // Store the value, but don't use for equality or hashcode! 

            internal DatabaseServicePair(string database, string service) {
                Debug.Assert(database != null, "Unexpected argument!");
                _database = database; 
                _service  = service;
            } 
 
            internal string Database {
                get { 
                    return _database;
                }
            }
 
            internal string Service {
                get { 
                    return _service; 
                }
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) {
                DatabaseServicePair temp = (DatabaseServicePair) value;
 
                bool result = false;
 
                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false. 
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true;
                }
                else if (_database == temp._database) { 
                    result = true;
                } 
 
                return result;
            } 

            override public int GetHashCode() {
                return _database.GetHashCode();
            } 
        }
        // ---------------------------------------- 
        // END IdentityHashHelper private class. 
        // ----------------------------------------
 
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Private class encapsulating the event and it's registered execution context.
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
        internal class EventContextPair {
            private OnChangeEventHandler     _eventHandler; 
            private ExecutionContext         _context; 
            private SqlDependency            _dependency;
            private SqlNotificationEventArgs _args; 

            static private ContextCallback _contextCallback = new ContextCallback(InvokeCallback);

            internal EventContextPair(OnChangeEventHandler eventHandler, SqlDependency dependency) { 
                Debug.Assert(eventHandler != null && dependency != null, "Unexpected arguments!");
                _eventHandler = eventHandler; 
                _context      = ExecutionContext.Capture(); 
                _dependency   = dependency;
            } 

            override public bool Equals(object value) {
                EventContextPair temp = (EventContextPair) value;
 
                bool result = false;
 
                if (null == temp) { // If passed value null - false. 
                    result = false;
                } 
                else if (this == temp) { // If instances equal - true.
                    result = true;
                }
                else { 
                    if (_eventHandler == temp._eventHandler) { // Handler for same delegates are reference equivalent.
                        result = true; 
                    } 
                }
 
                return result;
            }

            override public int GetHashCode() { 
                return _eventHandler.GetHashCode();
            } 
 
            internal void Invoke(SqlNotificationEventArgs args) {
                _args = args; 
                ExecutionContext.Run(_context, _contextCallback, this);
            }

            private static void InvokeCallback(object eventContextPair) { 
                EventContextPair pair = (EventContextPair) eventContextPair;
                pair._eventHandler(pair._dependency, (SqlNotificationEventArgs) pair._args); 
            } 
        }
        // ---------------------------------------- 
        // END EventContextPair private class.
        // ----------------------------------------

 

        // ---------------- 
        // Instance members 
        // ----------------
 
        // SqlNotificationRequest required state members

        // Only used for SqlDependency.Id.
        private readonly string                         _id                   = Guid.NewGuid().ToString() + ";" + _appDomainKey; 
        private string                                  _options; // Concat of service & db, in the form "service=x;local database=y".
        private int                                     _timeout; 
 
        // Various SqlDependency required members
        private bool                                    _dependencyFired      = false; 
        // SQL BU DT 382314 - we are required to implement our own event collection to preserve ExecutionContext on callback.
        private List                  _eventList            = new List();
        private object                                  _eventHandlerLock     = new object(); // Lock for event serialization.
        // Track the time that this dependency should time out. If the server didn't send a change 
        // notification or a time-out before this point then the client will perform a client-side
        // timeout. 
        private DateTime                                _expirationTime       = DateTime.MaxValue; 
        // Used for invalidation of dependencies based on which servers they rely upon.
        // It's possible we will over invalidate if unexpected server failure occurs (but not server down). 
        private List                            _serverList           = new List();

        // --------------
        // Static members 
        // --------------
 
        private static object                           _startStopLock        = new object(); 
        private static readonly string                  _appDomainKey         = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
        // Hashtable containing all information to match from a server, user, database triple to the service started for that 
        // triple.  For each server, there can be N users.  For each user, there can be N databases.  For each server, user,
        // database, there can only be one service.
        private static Dictionary>> _serverUserHash =
                   new Dictionary>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase); 
        private static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher   _processDispatcher    = null;
        // The following two strings are used for AppDomain.CreateInstance. 
        private static readonly string                  _assemblyName         = (typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher)).Assembly.FullName; 
        private static readonly string                  _typeName             = (typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher)).FullName;
 
        // -----------
        // BID members
        // -----------
 
        internal const Bid.ApiGroup NotificationsTracePoints = (Bid.ApiGroup)0x2000;
 
        private readonly int _objectID = System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref _objectTypeCount); 
        private static   int _objectTypeCount; // Bid counter
        internal int ObjectID { 
            get {
                return _objectID;
            }
        } 

        // ------------ 
        // Constructors 
        // ------------
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public SqlDependency() : this(null, null, SQL.SqlDependencyTimeoutDefault) {
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public SqlDependency(SqlCommand command) : this(command, null, SQL.SqlDependencyTimeoutDefault) { 
        } 

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public SqlDependency(SqlCommand command, string options, int timeout) {
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, options: '%ls', timeout: '%d'", ObjectID, options, timeout);
            try { 
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) {
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc(); 
                } 
                if (timeout < 0) {
                    throw SQL.InvalidSqlDependencyTimeout("timeout"); 
                }
                _timeout = timeout;

                if (null != options) { // Ignore null value - will force to default. 
                    _options = options;
                } 
 
                AddCommandInternal(command);
                SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.AddDependencyEntry(this); // Add dep to hashtable with Id. 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        // ----------------- 
        // Public Properties
        // ----------------- 

        [
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_HasChanges) 
        ]
        public bool HasChanges { 
            get { 
                return _dependencyFired;
            } 
        }

        [
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data), 
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_Id)
        ] 
        public string Id { 
            get {
                return _id; 
            }
        }

        // ------------------- 
        // Internal Properties
        // ------------------- 
 
        internal static string AppDomainKey {
            get { 
                return _appDomainKey;
            }
        }
 
        internal DateTime ExpirationTime {
            get { 
                return _expirationTime; 
            }
        } 

        internal string Options {
            get {
                string result = null; 

                if (null != _options) { 
                    result = _options; 
                }
 
                return result;
            }
        }
 
        internal static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher ProcessDispatcher {
            get { 
                return _processDispatcher; 
            }
        } 

        internal List ServerList {
            get {
                return _serverList; 
            }
        } 
 
        internal int Timeout {
            get { 
                return _timeout;
            }
        }
 
        // ------
        // Events 
        // ------ 

        [ 
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_OnChange)
        ]
        public event OnChangeEventHandler OnChange { 
            // EventHandlers to be fired when dependency is notified.
            add { 
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (null != value) {
                        SqlNotificationEventArgs sqlNotificationEvent = null;

                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                            if (_dependencyFired) { // If fired, fire the new event immediately.
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Dependency already fired, firing new event.\n"); 
                                sqlNotificationEvent = new SqlNotificationEventArgs(SqlNotificationType.Subscribe, SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged, SqlNotificationSource.Client); 
                            }
                            else { 
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Dependency has not fired, adding new event.\n");
                                EventContextPair pair = new EventContextPair(value, this);
                                if (!_eventList.Contains(pair)) {
                                    _eventList.Add(pair); 
                                }
                                else { 
                                    throw SQL.SqlDependencyEventNoDuplicate(); // SQL BU DT 382314 
                                }
                            } 
                        }

                        if (null != sqlNotificationEvent) { // Delay firing the event until outside of lock.
                            value(this, sqlNotificationEvent); 
                        }
                    } 
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
                }
            }
            remove {
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (null != value) { 
                        EventContextPair pair = new EventContextPair(value, this);
                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                            int index = _eventList.IndexOf(pair);
                            if (0 <= index) {
                                _eventList.RemoveAt(index);
                            } 
                        }
                    } 
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
                }
            }
        }
 
        // --------------
        // Public Methods 
        // -------------- 

        [ 
        ResCategoryAttribute(Res.DataCategory_Data),
        ResDescriptionAttribute(Res.SqlDependency_AddCommandDependency)
        ]
        public void AddCommandDependency(SqlCommand command) { 
            // Adds command to dependency collection so we automatically create the SqlNotificationsRequest object
            // and listen for a notification for the added commands. 
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                if (command == null) {
                    throw ADP.ArgumentNull("command");
                }
 
                AddCommandInternal(command);
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        [System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission(System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction.Assert, MemberAccess=true)]
        private static ObjectHandle CreateProcessDispatcher(_AppDomain masterDomain) { 
            return masterDomain.CreateInstance(_assemblyName, _typeName);
        } 
 
        // ----------------------------------
        // Static Methods - public & internal 
        // ----------------------------------

        // Method to obtain AppDomain reference and then obtain the reference to the process wide dispatcher for
        // Start() and Stop() method calls on the individual SqlDependency instances. 
        private static void ObtainProcessDispatcher() {
            byte[] nativeStorage = SNINativeMethodWrapper.GetData(); 
 
            if (nativeStorage == null) {
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" nativeStorage null, obtaining dispatcher AppDomain and creating ProcessDispatcher.\n"); 
#if DEBUG       // Possibly expensive, limit to debug.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName: %ls\n", AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName);
#endif
                _AppDomain masterDomain = SNINativeMethodWrapper.GetDefaultAppDomain(); 

                if (null != masterDomain) { 
                    ObjectHandle handle = CreateProcessDispatcher(masterDomain); 

                    if (null != handle) { 
                        SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher dependency = (SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher) handle.Unwrap();

                        if (null != dependency) {
                            _processDispatcher = dependency.SingletonProcessDispatcher; // Set to static instance. 

                            // Serialize and set in native. 
                            ObjRef objRef = GetObjRef(_processDispatcher); 
                            BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
                            MemoryStream    stream    = new MemoryStream(); 
                            GetSerializedObject(objRef, formatter, stream);
                            SNINativeMethodWrapper.SetData(stream.GetBuffer()); // Native will be forced to synchronize and not overwrite.
                        }
                        else { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - ObjectHandle.Unwrap returned null!\n");
                            throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyObtainProcessDispatcherFailureObjectHandle); 
                        } 
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - AppDomain.CreateInstance returned null!\n");
                        throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyProcessDispatcherFailureCreateInstance);
                    }
                } 
                else {
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - unable to obtain default AppDomain!\n"); 
                    throw ADP.InternalError(ADP.InternalErrorCode.SqlDependencyProcessDispatcherFailureAppDomain); 
                }
            } 
            else {
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" nativeStorage not null, obtaining existing dispatcher AppDomain and ProcessDispatcher.\n");
#if DEBUG       // Possibly expensive, limit to debug.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName: %ls\n", AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); 
#endif
                BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter(); 
                MemoryStream    stream    = new MemoryStream(nativeStorage); 
                _processDispatcher = GetDeserializedObject(formatter, stream); // Deserialize and set for appdomain.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" processDispatcher obtained, ID: %d\n", _processDispatcher.ObjectID); 
            }
        }

        // --------------------------------------------------------- 
        // Static security asserted methods - limit scope of assert.
        // ---------------------------------------------------------- 
 
        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.RemotingConfiguration)]
        private static ObjRef GetObjRef(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher _processDispatcher) { 
            return RemotingServices.Marshal(_processDispatcher);
        }

        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)] 
        private static void GetSerializedObject(ObjRef objRef, BinaryFormatter formatter, MemoryStream stream) {
            formatter.Serialize(stream, objRef); 
        } 

        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Assert, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)] 
        private static SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher GetDeserializedObject(BinaryFormatter formatter, MemoryStream stream) {
            object result = formatter.Deserialize(stream);
            Debug.Assert(result.GetType() == typeof(SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher), "Unexpected type stored in native!");
            return (SqlDependencyProcessDispatcher) result; 
        }
 
        // ------------------------- 
        // Static Start/Stop methods
        // ------------------------- 

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public static bool Start(string connectionString) {
            return Start(connectionString, null, true); 
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public static bool Start(string connectionString, string queue) {
            return Start(connectionString, queue, false); 
        }

        internal static bool Start(string connectionString, string queue, bool useDefaults) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " AppDomainKey: '%ls', queue: '%ls'", AppDomainKey, queue);
            try { 
                // The following code exists in Stop as well.  It exists here to demand permissions as high in the stack 
                // as possible.
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) { 
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc();
                }

                if (ADP.IsEmpty(connectionString)) { 
                    if (null == connectionString) {
                        throw ADP.ArgumentNull("connectionString"); 
                    } 
                    else {
                        throw ADP.Argument("connectionString"); 
                    }
                }

                if (!useDefaults && ADP.IsEmpty(queue)) { // If specified but null or empty, use defaults. 
                    useDefaults = true;
                    queue       = null; // Force to null - for proper hashtable comparison for default case. 
                } 

                // Create new connection options for demand on their connection string.  We modify the connection string 
                // and assert on our modified string when we create the container.
                SqlConnectionString connectionStringObject = new SqlConnectionString(connectionString);
                connectionStringObject.DemandPermission();
                // End duplicate Start/Stop logic. 

                bool errorOccurred = false; 
                bool result        = false; 

                lock (_startStopLock) { 
                    try {
                        if (null == _processDispatcher) { // Ensure _processDispatcher reference is present - inside lock.
                            ObtainProcessDispatcher();
                        } 

                        if (useDefaults) { // Default listener. 
                            string                   server         = null; 
                            DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity       = null;
                            string                   user           = null; 
                            string                   database       = null;
                            string                   service        = null;
                            bool                     appDomainStart = false;
 
                            RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions();
                            try { // CER to ensure that if Start succeeds we add to hash completing setup. 
                                // Start using process wide default service/queue & database from connection string. 
                                result = _processDispatcher.StartWithDefault(    connectionString,
                                                                             out server, 
                                                                             out identity,
                                                                             out user,
                                                                             out database,
                                                                             ref service, 
                                                                                 _appDomainKey,
                                                                                 SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance, 
                                                                             out errorOccurred, 
                                                                             out appDomainStart);
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Start (defaults) returned: '%d', with service: '%ls', server: '%ls', database: '%ls'\n", result, service, server, database); 
                            }
                            finally {
                                if (appDomainStart && !errorOccurred) { // If success, add to hashtable.
                                    IdentityUserNamePair identityUser    = new IdentityUserNamePair(identity, user); 
                                    DatabaseServicePair  databaseService = new DatabaseServicePair(database, service);
                                    if (!AddToServerUserHash(server, identityUser, databaseService)) { 
                                        try { 
                                            Stop(connectionString, queue, useDefaults, true);
                                        } 
                                        catch (Exception e) { // Discard stop failure!
                                            if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) {
                                                throw;
                                            } 

                                            ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now. 
                                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Exception occurred from Stop() after duplicate was found on Start().\n"); 
                                        }
                                        throw SQL.SqlDependencyDuplicateStart(); 
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        } 
                        else { // Start with specified service/queue & database.
                            result = _processDispatcher.Start(connectionString, 
                                                              queue, 
                                                              _appDomainKey,
                                                              SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance); 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Start (user provided queue) returned: '%d'\n", result);
                            // No need to call AddToServerDatabaseHash since if not using default queue user is required
                            // to provide options themselves.
                        } 
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) { 
                        if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) { 
                            throw;
                        } 

                        ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now.

                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Exception occurred from _processDispatcher.Start(...), calling Invalidate(...).\n"); 
                        throw;
                    } 
                } 

                return result; 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)] 
        public static bool Stop(string connectionString) {
            return Stop(connectionString, null, true, false); 
        }

        [System.Security.Permissions.HostProtectionAttribute(ExternalThreading = true)]
        public static bool Stop(string connectionString, string queue) { 
            return Stop(connectionString, queue, false, false);
        } 
 
        internal static bool Stop(string connectionString, string queue, bool useDefaults, bool startFailed) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " AppDomainKey: '%ls', queue: '%ls'", AppDomainKey, queue);
            try {
                // The following code exists in Stop as well.  It exists here to demand permissions as high in the stack
                // as possible. 
                if (InOutOfProcHelper.InProc) {
                    throw SQL.SqlDepCannotBeCreatedInProc(); 
                } 

                if (ADP.IsEmpty(connectionString)) { 
                    if (null == connectionString) {
                        throw ADP.ArgumentNull("connectionString");
                    }
                    else { 
                        throw ADP.Argument("connectionString");
                    } 
                } 

                if (!useDefaults && ADP.IsEmpty(queue)) { // If specified but null or empty, use defaults. 
                    useDefaults = true;
                    queue       = null; // Force to null - for proper hashtable comparison for default case.
                }
 
                // Create new connection options for demand on their connection string.  We modify the connection string
                // and assert on our modified string when we create the container. 
                SqlConnectionString connectionStringObject = new SqlConnectionString(connectionString); 
                connectionStringObject.DemandPermission();
                // End duplicate Start/Stop logic. 

                bool result = false;

                lock (_startStopLock) { 
                    if (null != _processDispatcher) { // If _processDispatcher null, no Start has been called.
                        try { 
                            string                   server   = null; 
                            DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity = null;
                            string                   user     = null; 
                            string                   database = null;
                            string                   service  = null;

                            if (useDefaults) { 
                                bool   appDomainStop = false;
 
                                RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions(); 
                                try { // CER to ensure that if Stop succeeds we remove from hash completing teardown.
                                    // Start using process wide default service/queue & database from connection string. 
                                    result = _processDispatcher.Stop(    connectionString,
                                                                     out server,
                                                                     out identity,
                                                                     out user, 
                                                                     out database,
                                                                     ref service, 
                                                                         _appDomainKey, 
                                                                     out appDomainStop);
                                } 
                                finally {
                                    if (appDomainStop && !startFailed) { // If success, remove from hashtable.
                                        Debug.Assert(!ADP.IsEmpty(server) && !ADP.IsEmpty(database), "Server or Database null/Empty upon successfull Stop()!");
                                        IdentityUserNamePair identityUser    = new IdentityUserNamePair(identity, user); 
                                        DatabaseServicePair  databaseService = new DatabaseServicePair(database, service);
                                        RemoveFromServerUserHash(server, identityUser, databaseService); 
                                    } 
                                }
                            } 
                            else {
                                bool ignored = false;
                                result = _processDispatcher.Stop(    connectionString,
                                                                 out server, 
                                                                 out identity,
                                                                 out user, 
                                                                 out database, 
                                                                 ref queue,
                                                                     _appDomainKey, 
                                                                 out ignored);
                                // No need to call RemoveFromServerDatabaseHash since if not using default queue user is required
                                // to provide options themselves.
                            } 
                        }
                        catch (Exception e) { 
                            if (!ADP.IsCatchableExceptionType(e)) { 
                                throw;
                            } 

                            ADP.TraceExceptionWithoutRethrow(e); // Discard failure, but trace for now.
                        }
                    } 
                }
                return result; 
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
            }
        }

        // -------------------------------- 
        // General static utility functions
        // -------------------------------- 
 
        private static bool AddToServerUserHash(string server, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, DatabaseServicePair databaseService) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', database: '%ls', service: '%ls'", server, databaseService.Database, databaseService.Service);
            try {
                bool result = false;
 
                lock (_serverUserHash) {
                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash; 
 
                    if (!_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash did not contain server, adding.\n"); 
                        identityDatabaseHash = new Dictionary>();
                        _serverUserHash.Add(server, identityDatabaseHash);
                    }
                    else { 
                        identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
                    } 
 
                    List databaseServiceList;
 
                    if (!identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash contained server but not user, adding user.\n");
                        databaseServiceList = new List();
                        identityDatabaseHash.Add(identityUser, databaseServiceList); 
                    }
                    else { 
                        databaseServiceList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 
                    }
 
                    if (!databaseServiceList.Contains(databaseService)) {
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Adding database.\n");
                        databaseServiceList.Add(databaseService);
                        result = true; 
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash already contained server, user, and database - we will throw!.\n"); 
                    }
                } 

                return result;
            }
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        } 

        private static void RemoveFromServerUserHash(string server, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, DatabaseServicePair databaseService) { 
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', database: '%ls', service: '%ls'", server, databaseService.Database, databaseService.Service);
            try {
                lock (_serverUserHash) { 
                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash;
 
                    if (_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) { 
                        identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
 
                        List databaseServiceList;

                        if (identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) {
                            databaseServiceList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 

                            int index = databaseServiceList.IndexOf(databaseService); 
                            if (index >= 0) { 
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Hash contained server, user, and database - removing database.\n");
                                databaseServiceList.RemoveAt(index); 

                                if (databaseServiceList.Count == 0) {
                                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" databaseServiceList count 0, removing the list for this server and user.\n");
                                    identityDatabaseHash.Remove(identityUser); 

                                    if (identityDatabaseHash.Count == 0) { 
                                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" identityDatabaseHash count 0, removing the hash for this server.\n"); 
                                        _serverUserHash.Remove(server);
                                    } 
                                }
                            }
                            else {
                                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash contained server and user but not database!\n"); 
                                Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain database!");
                            } 
                        } 
                        else {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash contained server but not user!\n"); 
                            Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain user!");
                        }
                    }
                    else { 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - hash did not contain server!\n");
                        Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected state - hash did not contain server!"); 
                    } 
                }
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            }
        } 

        internal static string GetDefaultComposedOptions(string server, string failoverServer, IdentityUserNamePair identityUser, string database) { 
            // Server must be an exact match, but user and database only needs to match exactly if there is more than one 
            // for the given user or database passed.  That is ambiguious and we must fail.
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " server: '%ls', failoverServer: '%ls', database: '%ls'", server, failoverServer, database);
            try {
                string result;
 
                lock (_serverUserHash) {
                    if (!_serverUserHash.ContainsKey(server)) { 
                        if (0 == _serverUserHash.Count) { // Special error for no calls to start. 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - no start calls have been made, about to throw.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlDepDefaultOptionsButNoStart(); 
                        }
                        else if (!ADP.IsEmpty(failoverServer) && _serverUserHash.ContainsKey(failoverServer)) {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" using failover server instead\n");
                            server = failoverServer; 
                        }
                        else { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - not listening to this server, about to throw.\n"); 
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerStart();
                        } 
                    }

                    Dictionary> identityDatabaseHash = _serverUserHash[server];
 
                    List databaseList = null;
 
                    if (!identityDatabaseHash.ContainsKey(identityUser)) { 
                        if (identityDatabaseHash.Count > 1) {
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - not listening for this user, but listening to more than one other user, about to throw.\n"); 
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerStart();
                        }
                        else {
                            // Since only one user, - use that. 
                            // Foreach - but only one value present.
                            foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in identityDatabaseHash) { 
                                databaseList = entry.Value; 
                                break; // Only iterate once.
                            } 
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        databaseList = identityDatabaseHash[identityUser]; 
                    }
 
                    DatabaseServicePair pair          = new DatabaseServicePair(database, null); 
                    DatabaseServicePair resultingPair = null;
                    int index = databaseList.IndexOf(pair); 
                    if (index != -1) { // Exact match found, use it.
                        resultingPair = databaseList[index];
                    }
 
                    if (null != resultingPair) { // Exact database match.
                        database = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Database); // Fixup in place. 
                        string quotedService = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Service); 
                        result = "Service="+quotedService+";Local Database="+database;
                    } 
                    else { // No exact database match found.
                        if (databaseList.Count == 1) { // If only one database for this server/user, use it.
                            object[] temp = databaseList.ToArray(); // Must copy, no other choice but foreach.
                            resultingPair = (DatabaseServicePair) temp[0]; 
                            Debug.Assert(temp.Length == 1, "If databaseList.Count==1, why does copied array have length other than 1?");
                            string quotedDatabase = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Database); 
                            string quotedService  = FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(resultingPair.Service); 
                            result = "Service="+quotedService+";Local Database="+quotedDatabase;
                        } 
                        else { // More than one database for given server, ambiguous - fail the default case!
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - SqlDependency.Start called multiple times for this server/user, but no matching database.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlDependencyNoMatchingServerDatabaseStart();
                        } 
                    }
                } 
 
                Debug.Assert(!ADP.IsEmpty(result), "GetDefaultComposedOptions should never return null or empty string!");
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" resulting options: '%ls'.\n", result); 
                return result;
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp); 
            }
        } 
 
        // ----------------
        // Internal Methods 
        // ----------------

        // Called by SqlCommand upon execution of a SqlNotificationRequest class created by this dependency.  We
        // use this list for a reverse lookup based on server. 
        internal void AddToServerList(string server) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, server: '%ls'", ObjectID, server); 
            try {
                lock (_serverList) { 
                    int index = _serverList.BinarySearch(server, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
                    if (0 > index) { // If less than 0, item was not found in list.
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Server not present in hashtable, adding server: '%ls'.\n", server);
                        index = ~index; // BinarySearch returns the 2's compliment of where the item should be inserted to preserver a sorted list after insertion. 
                        _serverList.Insert(index, server);
 
                   } 
                }
            } 
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            }
        } 

        internal string ComputeHashAndAddToDispatcher(SqlCommand command) { 
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, command.ObjectID);
            try { 
                // Create a string representing the concatenation of the connection string, command text and .ToString on all parameter values.
                // This string will then be mapped to unique notification ID (new GUID).  We add the guid and the hash to the app domain
                // dispatcher to be able to map back to the dependency that needs to be fired for a notification of this
                // command. 

                // VSTS 59821: add Connection string to prevent redundant notifications when same command is running against different databases or SQL servers 
                // 

 
                string commandHash = ComputeCommandHash(command.Connection.ConnectionString, command); // calculate the string representation of command

                string idString = SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.AddCommandEntry(commandHash, this); // Add to map.
                Bid.NotificationsTrace(" computed id string: '%ls'.\n", idString); 
                return idString;
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        internal void Invalidate(SqlNotificationType type, SqlNotificationInfo info, SqlNotificationSource source) {
            IntPtr hscp; 
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                List eventList = null; 

                lock (_eventHandlerLock) { 
                    if (_dependencyFired                           &&
                        SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged != info &&
                        SqlNotificationSource.Client       != source) {
                        Debug.Assert(false, "Received notification twice - we should never enter this state!"); 
                        Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - notification received twice - we should never enter this state!");
                    } 
                    else { 
                        // It is the invalidators responsibility to remove this dependency from the app domain static hash.
                        _dependencyFired = true; 
                        eventList        = _eventList;
                        _eventList       = new List(); // Since we are firing the events, null so we do not fire again.
                    }
                } 

                if (eventList != null) { 
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" Firing events.\n"); 
                    foreach(EventContextPair pair in eventList) {
                        pair.Invoke(new SqlNotificationEventArgs(type, info, source)); 
                    }
                }
            }
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        } 

        // This method is used by SqlCommand. 
        internal void StartTimer(SqlNotificationRequest notificationRequest) {
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#", ObjectID);
            try { 
                if(_expirationTime == DateTime.MaxValue) {			
                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" We've timed out, executing logic.\n"); 
 
    				int seconds = SQL.SqlDependencyServerTimeout;
                    if (0 != _timeout) { 
    					seconds = _timeout;					
                    }
                    if (notificationRequest != null && notificationRequest.Timeout < seconds && notificationRequest.Timeout != 0) {						
    					seconds = notificationRequest.Timeout; 
    				}
 
                    _expirationTime = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(seconds); 
                    SqlDependencyPerAppDomainDispatcher.SingletonInstance.StartTimer(this);
                } 
            }
            finally {
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }
 
        // --------------- 
        // Private Methods
        // --------------- 

        private void AddCommandInternal(SqlCommand cmd) {
            if (cmd != null) { // Don't bother with BID if command null.
                IntPtr hscp; 
                Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, cmd.ObjectID);
                try { 
                    if (cmd.Notification != null) { 
                        // Fail if cmd has notification that is not already associated with this dependency.
                        if (cmd._sqlDep == null || cmd._sqlDep != this) { 
                            Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - throwing command has existing SqlNotificationRequest exception.\n");
                            throw SQL.SqlCommandHasExistingSqlNotificationRequest();
                        }
                    } 
                    else {
                        bool needToInvalidate = false; 
 
                        lock (_eventHandlerLock) {
                            if (!_dependencyFired) { 
                                cmd.Notification = new SqlNotificationRequest();
                                cmd.Notification.Timeout = _timeout;

                                // Add the command - A dependancy should always map to a set of commands which haven't fired. 
                                if (null != _options) { // Assign options if user provided.
                                    cmd.Notification.Options = _options; 
                                } 

                                cmd._sqlDep = this; 
                            }
                            else {
                                // We should never be able to enter this state, since if we've fired our event list is cleared
                                // and the event method will immediately fire if a new event is added.  So, we should never have 
                                // an event to fire in the event list once we've fired.
                                Debug.Assert(0 == _eventList.Count, "How can we have an event at this point?"); 
                                if (0 == _eventList.Count) { // Keep logic just in case. 
                                    Bid.NotificationsTrace(" ERROR - firing events, though it is unexpected we have events at this point.\n");
                                    needToInvalidate = true; // Delay invalidation until outside of lock. 
                                }
                            }
                        }
 
                        if (needToInvalidate) {
                            Invalidate(SqlNotificationType.Subscribe, SqlNotificationInfo.AlreadyChanged, SqlNotificationSource.Client); 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
                finally {
                    Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
                }
            } 
        }
 
        private string ComputeCommandHash(string connectionString, SqlCommand command) { 
            IntPtr hscp;
            Bid.NotificationsScopeEnter(out hscp, " %d#, SqlCommand: %d#", ObjectID, command.ObjectID); 
            try {
                // Create a string representing the concatenation of the connection string, the command text and .ToString on all its parameter values.
                // This string will then be mapped to the notification ID.
 
                // All types should properly support a .ToString for the values except
                // byte[], char[], and XmlReader. 
 
                // NOTE - I hope this doesn't come back to bite us.  :(
                StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); 

                // add the Connection string and the Command text
                builder.AppendFormat("{0};{1}", connectionString, command.CommandText);
 
                // append params
                for (int i=0; i ComputeCommandHash result: '%ls'.\n", result); 
                return result;
            } 
            finally { 
                Bid.ScopeLeave(ref hscp);
            } 
        }

        // Basic copy of function in SqlConnection.cs for ChangeDatabase and similar functionality.  Since this will
        // only be used for default service and database provided by server, we do not need to worry about an already 
        // quoted value.
        static internal string FixupServiceOrDatabaseName(string name) { 
            if (!ADP.IsEmpty(name)) { 
                return "\"" + name.Replace("\"", "\"\"") + "\"";
            } 
            else {
                return name;
            }
        } 
    }
} 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

                        

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