Array.cs source code in C# .NET

Source code for the .NET framework in C#

                        

Code:

/ 4.0 / 4.0 / DEVDIV_TFS / Dev10 / Releases / RTMRel / ndp / clr / src / BCL / System / Array.cs / 1305376 / Array.cs

                            // ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
/*============================================================
** 
** Class:  Array 
**
** Purpose: Base class which can be used to access any array 
**
===========================================================*/
namespace System {
 
    using System;
    using System.Collections; 
    using System.Collections.Generic; 
    using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
    using System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution;
    using System.Runtime.Versioning;
    using System.Security; 
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Diagnostics.Contracts; 
 
    [Serializable]
    [ComVisible(true)] 
    //[ContractClass(typeof(ArrayContracts))]
    public abstract class Array : ICloneable, IList, IStructuralComparable, IStructuralEquatable
    {
        ///  
        internal Array() {}  // Don't call this.  Internal for ArrayContracts type.
 
        public static ReadOnlyCollection AsReadOnly(T[] array) { 
            if (array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result>() != null);

            // T[] implements IList. 
            return new ReadOnlyCollection(array);
        } 
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Resize(ref T[] array, int newSize) { 
            if (newSize < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newSize", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out array) != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out array).Length == newSize); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            T[] larray = array; 
            if (larray == null) {
                array = new T[newSize]; 
                return;
            }

            if (larray.Length != newSize) { 
                T[] newArray = new T[newSize];
                Array.Copy(larray, 0, newArray, 0,  larray.Length > newSize? newSize : larray.Length); 
                array = newArray; 
            }
        } 

        // Create instance will create an array
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType"); 
            if (length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Length == length);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 1);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType; 
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"),"elementType");
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,1,&length,null); 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType"); 
            if (length1 < 0 || length2 < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length1 < 0 ? "length1" : "length2"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 2);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(0) == length1);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(1) == length2); 

            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType; 
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"),"elementType");
            int* pLengths = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pLengths[0] = length1;
            pLengths[1] = length2;
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,2,pLengths,null);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2, int length3) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (length1 < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (length2 < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (length3 < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 3); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(0) == length1);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(1) == length2);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(2) == length3);
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType"); 
            int* pLengths = stackalloc int[3];
            pLengths[0] = length1; 
            pLengths[1] = length2;
            pLengths[2] = length3;
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,3,pLengths,null);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, params int[] lengths) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (lengths == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lengths");
            if (lengths.Length == 0) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NeedAtLeast1Rank"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType");
 
            // Check to make sure the lenghts are all positive. Note that we check this here to give
            // a good exception message if they are not; however we check this again inside the execution 
            // engine's low level allocation function after having made a copy of the array to prevent a 
            // malicious caller from mutating the array after this check.
            for (int i=0;i() != null); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int[] intLengths = new int[lengths.Length];

            for (int i = 0; i < lengths.Length; ++i)
            { 
                long len = lengths[i];
                if (len > Int32.MaxValue || len < Int32.MinValue) 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("len", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
                intLengths[i] = (int) len;
            } 

            return Array.CreateInstance(elementType, intLengths);
        }
 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int[] lengths,int[] lowerBounds) 
        {
            if (elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (lengths == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lengths");
            if (lowerBounds == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lowerBounds");
            if (lengths.Length != lowerBounds.Length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RanksAndBounds")); 
            if (lengths.Length == 0)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NeedAtLeast1Rank")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType"); 

            // Check to make sure the lenghts are all positive. Note that we check this here to give 
            // a good exception message if they are not; however we check this again inside the execution
            // engine's low level allocation function after having made a copy of the array to prevent a
            // malicious caller from mutating the array after this check.
            for (int i=0;i= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
             */ 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0), destinationArray, destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0), length, false);
        }

        // Copies length elements from sourceArray, starting at sourceIndex, to 
        // destinationArray, starting at destinationIndex.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceIndex, destinationArray, destinationIndex, length, false);
        }
 
        // Reliability-wise, this method will either possibly corrupt your
        // instance & might fail when called from within a CER, or if the 
        // reliable flag is true, it will either always succeed or always 
        // throw an exception with no side effects.
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal static extern void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length, bool reliable); 

        // Provides a strong exception guarantee - either it succeeds, or 
        // it throws an exception with no side effects.  The arrays must be 
        // compatible array types based on the array element type - this
        // method does not support casting, boxing, or primitive widening. 
        // It will up-cast, assuming the array types are correct.
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        public static void ConstrainedCopy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceIndex, destinationArray, destinationIndex, length, true); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, long length)
        {
            if (length > Int32.MaxValue || length < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 

            Array.Copy(sourceArray, destinationArray, (int) length); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, long sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, long destinationIndex, long length)
        {
            if (sourceIndex > Int32.MaxValue || sourceIndex < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("sourceIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (destinationIndex > Int32.MaxValue || destinationIndex < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("destinationIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (length > Int32.MaxValue || length < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
 
            Array.Copy(sourceArray, (int) sourceIndex, destinationArray, (int) destinationIndex, (int) length);
        }

 
        // Sets length elements in array to 0 (or null for Object arrays), starting
        // at index. 
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        public static extern void Clear(Array array, int index, int length);
 
        // The various Get values...
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(params int[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices");
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            fixed(int* pIndices = indices) 
                InternalGetReference(&elemref, indices.Length, pIndices);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref); 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index) 
        {
            if (Rank != 1) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need1DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 1, &index);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index1, int index2) 
        {
            if (Rank != 2) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need2DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 2, pIndices); 
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref);
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index1, int index2, int index3)
        { 
            if (Rank != 3) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need3DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[3];
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
            pIndices[2] = index3;
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 3, pIndices);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref); 
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public Object GetValue(long index) 
        {
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return this.GetValue((int) index);
        }

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public Object GetValue(long index1, long index2)
        { 
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            return this.GetValue((int) index1, (int) index2); 
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public Object GetValue(long index1, long index2, long index3)
        { 
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index3 > Int32.MaxValue || index3 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return this.GetValue((int) index1, (int) index2, (int) index3); 
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public Object GetValue(params long[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices"); 
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int[] intIndices = new int[indices.Length];
 
            for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; ++i)
            { 
                long index = indices[i]; 
                if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
                intIndices[i] = (int) index;
            }

            return this.GetValue(intIndices); 
        }
 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index) 
        {
            if (Rank != 1)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need1DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 1, &index); 
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index1, int index2)
        { 
            if (Rank != 2)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need2DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2;

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 2, pIndices);
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value); 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index1, int index2, int index3)
        {
            if (Rank != 3)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need3DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[3]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
            pIndices[2] = index3;

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 3, pIndices); 
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        } 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,params int[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices");
            if (Rank != indices.Length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            fixed(int* pIndices = indices) 
                InternalGetReference(&elemref, indices.Length, pIndices);
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index) 
        { 
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index);
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index1, long index2) 
        {
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index1, (int) index2); 
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index1, long index2, long index3)
        {
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index3 > Int32.MaxValue || index3 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index1, (int) index2, (int) index3);
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void SetValue(Object value, params long[] indices) 
        { 
            if (indices == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices"); 
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int[] intIndices = new int[indices.Length];
 
            for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; ++i) 
            {
                long index = indices[i]; 
                if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
                intIndices[i] = (int) index;
            } 

            this.SetValue(value, intIndices); 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        // reference to TypedReference is banned, so have to pass result as pointer
        private unsafe extern void InternalGetReference(void * elemRef, int rank, int * pIndices); 

        // Ideally, we would like to use TypedReference.SetValue instead. Unfortunately, TypedReference.SetValue 
        // always throws not-supported exception 
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        private unsafe extern static void InternalSetValue(void * target, Object value);

        public extern int Length { 
            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
            get; 
        }

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        private static int GetMedian(int low, int hi) { 
            // Note both may be negative, if we are dealing with arrays w/ negative lower bounds.
            Contract.Requires(low <= hi); 
            Contract.Assert( hi - low >= 0, "Length overflow!"); 
            return low + ((hi - low) >> 1);
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public long LongLength {
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            get {
                Contract.Ensures(this.GetLowerBound(0) <= Contract.Result()); 
                return Length; 
            }
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        public extern int GetLength(int dimension);
 
        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public long GetLongLength(int dimension) {
            //This method should throw an IndexOufOfRangeException for compat if dimension < 0 or >= Rank 
            return GetLength(dimension);
        }

        public extern int Rank { 
            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
            [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
            get; 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [Pure] 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
        public extern int GetUpperBound(int dimension);
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [Pure]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        public extern int GetLowerBound(int dimension); 
 
        #if !FEATURE_CORECLR
        [System.Runtime.ForceTokenStabilization] 
        #endif //!FEATURE_CORECLR
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal extern int GetDataPtrOffsetInternal(); 
 
        // Number of elements in the Array.
        int ICollection.Count 
        { get { return Length; } }


        // Returns an object appropriate for synchronizing access to this 
        // Array.
        public Object SyncRoot 
        { get { return this; } } 

        // Is this Array read-only? 
        public bool IsReadOnly
        { get { return false; } }

        public bool IsFixedSize { 
            get { return true; }
        } 
 
        // Is this Array synchronized (i.e., thread-safe)?  If you want a synchronized
        // collection, you can use SyncRoot as an object to synchronize your 
        // collection with.  You could also call GetSynchronized()
        // to get a synchronized wrapper around the Array.
        public bool IsSynchronized
        { get { return false; } } 

 
        Object IList.this[int index] { 
            get { return GetValue(index); }
            set { SetValue(value, index); } 
        }

        int IList.Add(Object value)
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 
 
        bool IList.Contains(Object value)
        { 
            return Array.IndexOf(this, value) >= this.GetLowerBound(0);
        }

        void IList.Clear() 
        {
            Array.Clear(this, 0, this.Length); 
        } 

        int IList.IndexOf(Object value) 
        {
            return Array.IndexOf(this, value);
        }
 
        void IList.Insert(int index, Object value)
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection")); 
        }
 
        void IList.Remove(Object value)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        void IList.RemoveAt(int index) 
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        // Make a new array which is a deep copy of the original array.
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public Object Clone()
        { 
            return MemberwiseClone(); 
        }
 
        Int32 IStructuralComparable.CompareTo(Object other, IComparer comparer) {
            if (other == null) {
                return 1;
            } 

            Array o = other as Array; 
 
            if (o == null || this.Length != o.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentException_OtherNotArrayOfCorrectLength"), "other"); 
            }

            int i = 0;
            int c = 0; 

            while (i < o.Length && c == 0) { 
                object left = GetValue(i); 
                object right = o.GetValue(i);
 
                c = comparer.Compare(left, right);
                i++;
            }
 
            return c;
        } 
 
        Boolean IStructuralEquatable.Equals(Object other, IEqualityComparer comparer) {
 
            if (other == null) {
                return false;
            }
 
            if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, other)) {
                return true; 
            } 

            Array o = other as Array; 

            if (o == null || o.Length != this.Length) {
                return false;
            } 

            int i = 0; 
            while (i < o.Length) { 
                object left = GetValue(i);
                object right = o.GetValue(i); 

                if (!comparer.Equals(left, right)) {
                    return false;
                } 
                i++;
            } 
 
            return true;
        } 

        // From System.Web.Util.HashCodeCombiner
        internal static int CombineHashCodes(int h1, int h2) {
            return (((h1 << 5) + h1) ^ h2); 
        }
 
        int IStructuralEquatable.GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comparer) { 
            if (comparer == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int ret = 0;
 
            for (int i = (this.Length >= 8 ? this.Length - 8 : 0); i < this.Length; i++) {
                ret = CombineHashCodes(ret, comparer.GetHashCode(GetValue(0))); 
            } 

            return ret; 
        }

        // Searches an array for a given element using a binary search algorithm.
        // Elements of the array are compared to the search value using the 
        // IComparable interface, which must be implemented by all elements
        // of the array and the given search value. This method assumes that the 
        // array is already sorted according to the IComparable interface; 
        // if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that 
        // is larger than the given search value.
        // 
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, Object value) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures((Contract.Result() >= array.GetLowerBound(0) && Contract.Result() <= array.GetUpperBound(0)) || (Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) && ~Contract.Result() <= array.GetUpperBound(0) + 1));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return BinarySearch(array, lb, array.Length, value, null); 
        } 

        // Searches a section of an array for a given element using a binary search 
        // algorithm. Elements of the array are compared to the search value using
        // the IComparable interface, which must be implemented by all
        // elements of the array and the given search value. This method assumes
        // that the array is already sorted according to the IComparable 
        // interface; if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a 
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value.
        //
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, int index, int length, Object value) { 
            return BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, null); 
        }
 
        // Searches an array for a given element using a binary search algorithm.
        // Elements of the array are compared to the search value using the given
        // IComparer interface. If comparer is null, elements of the
        // array are compared to the search value using the IComparable 
        // interface, which in that case must be implemented by all elements of the
        // array and the given search value. This method assumes that the array is 
        // already sorted; if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect. 
        //
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value. 
        //
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, Object value, IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return BinarySearch(array, lb, array.Length, value, comparer); 
        }
 
        // Searches a section of an array for a given element using a binary search 
        // algorithm. Elements of the array are compared to the search value using
        // the given IComparer interface. If comparer is null, 
        // elements of the array are compared to the search value using the
        // IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented by
        // all elements of the array and the given search value. This method
        // assumes that the array is already sorted; if this is not the case, the 
        // result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a 
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value.
        //
        [Pure] 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, int index, int length, Object value, IComparer comparer) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            if (index < lb || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            return BinarySearch(array, 0, array.Length, value, null); 
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, T value, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            return BinarySearch(array, 0, array.Length, value, comparer); 
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, int index, int length, T value) {
            return BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, null);
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, int index, int length, T value, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "length"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            if (array.Length - index < length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return ArraySortHelper.Default.BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, comparer); 
        }
#endif

        public static TOutput[] ConvertAll(TInput[] array, Converter converter) { 
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( converter == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("converter");
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Length == array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            TOutput[] newArray = new TOutput[array.Length]; 
            for( int i = 0; i< array.Length; i++) {
                newArray[i] = converter(array[i]); 
            }
            return newArray;
        }
 
        // CopyTo copies a collection into an Array, starting at a particular
        // index into the array. 
        // 
        // This method is to support the ICollection interface, and calls
        // Array.Copy internally.  If you aren't using ICollection explicitly, 
        // call Array.Copy to avoid an extra indirection.
        //
        [Pure]
        public void CopyTo(Array array, int index) 
        {
            if (array != null && array.Rank != 1) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankMultiDimNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            // Note: Array.Copy throws a RankException and we want a consistent ArgumentException for all the IList CopyTo methods. 
            Array.Copy(this, GetLowerBound(0), array, index, Length);
        }

        [Pure] 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void CopyTo(Array array, long index) 
        { 
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            this.CopyTo(array, (int) index);
        } 

        public static bool Exists(T[] array, Predicate match) { 
            return Array.FindIndex(array, match) != -1; 
        }
 
        public static T Find(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                if(match(array[i])) {
                    return array[i]; 
                }
            } 
            return default(T); 
        }
 
        public static T[] FindAll(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            List list = new List();
            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                if(match(array[i])) { 
                    list.Add(array[i]);
                } 
            } 
            return list.ToArray();
        } 

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindIndex(array, 0, array.Length, match); 
        }

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, Predicate match) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return FindIndex(array, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex, match);
        }

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, int count, Predicate match) { 
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( startIndex < 0 || startIndex > array.Length ) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            }

            if (count < 0 || startIndex > array.Length - count) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int endIndex = startIndex + count;
            for( int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                if( match(array[i])) return i; 
            }
            return -1; 
        }

        public static T FindLast(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            for(int i = array.Length - 1 ; i >= 0; i--) { 
                if(match(array[i])) {
                    return array[i]; 
                } 
            }
            return default(T); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindLastIndex(array, array.Length - 1, array.Length, match); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindLastIndex(array, startIndex, startIndex + 1, match); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, int count, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if(array.Length == 0) { 
                // Special case for 0 length List
                if( startIndex != -1) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }
            } 
            else {
                // Make sure we're not out of range
                if ( startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= array.Length) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }
            } 
 
            // 2nd have of this also catches when startIndex == MAXINT, so MAXINT - 0 + 1 == -1, which is < 0.
            if (count < 0 || startIndex - count + 1 < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            }

            int endIndex = startIndex - count; 
            for( int i = startIndex; i > endIndex; i--) {
                if( match(array[i])) { 
                    return i; 
                }
            } 
            return -1;
        }

        public static void ForEach(T[] array, Action action) { 
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( action == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                action(array[i]); 
            } 
        }
 
        // GetEnumerator returns an IEnumerator over this Array.
        //
        // Currently, only one dimensional arrays are supported.
        // 
        public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
        { 
            int lowerBound = GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (Rank == 1 && lowerBound == 0)
                return new SZArrayEnumerator(this); 
            else
                return new ArrayEnumerator(this, lowerBound, Length);
        }
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in an array.
        // The array is searched forwards, and the elements of the array are 
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            return IndexOf(array, value, lb, array.Length); 
        }
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched forwards, starting at index
        // startIndex and ending at the last element of the array. The
        // elements of the array are compared to the given value using the 
        // Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            return IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex + lb);
        } 
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched forwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and upto count elements. The
        // elements of the array are compared to the given value using the
        // Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex, int count) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            if (array.Rank != 1)
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (startIndex < lb || startIndex > array.Length + lb) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            if (count < 0 || count > array.Length - startIndex + lb) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));

            // Try calling a quick native method to handle primitive types.
            int retVal; 
            bool r = TrySZIndexOf(array, startIndex, count, value, out retVal);
            if (r) 
                return retVal; 

            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            int endIndex = startIndex + count;
            if (objArray != null) {
                if (value == null) {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                        if (objArray[i] == null) return i;
                    } 
                } 
                else {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                        Object obj = objArray[i];
                        if (obj != null && obj.Equals(value)) return i;
                    }
                } 
            }
            else { 
                for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                    Object obj = array.GetValue(i);
                    if( obj == null) { 
                        if(value == null) return i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if( obj.Equals(value)) return i; 
                    }
                } 
            } 
            // Return one less than the lower bound of the array.  This way,
            // for arrays with a lower bound of -1 we will not return -1 when the 
            // item was not found.  And for SZArrays (the vast majority), -1 still
            // works for them.
            return lb-1;
        } 

#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS 
        [Pure] 
        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            }
            Contract.Ensures((Contract.Result() < 0) ||
                (Contract.Result() >= 0 && Contract.Result() < array.Length && EqualityComparer.Default.Equals(value, array[Contract.Result()]))); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return IndexOf(array, value, 0, array.Length); 
        }
 
        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            return IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex);
        } 

        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
 
            if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > array.Length ) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (count < 0 || count > array.Length - startIndex) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            return EqualityComparer.Default.IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, count);
        } 
#endif

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZIndexOf(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, int count, Object value, out int retVal); 

 
        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in an array.
        // The array is searched backwards, and the elements of the array are
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value) { 
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, array.Length - 1 + lb, array.Length);
        } 

        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in a range of 
        // an array. The array is searched backwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and ending at index 0. The elements of the array are
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex) {
            if (array == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, startIndex + 1 - lb); 
        }

        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched backwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and counting uptocount elements. The elements of
        // the array are compared to the given value using the Object.Equals 
        // method. 
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (array.Length == 0) {
                return lb-1; 
            }

            if (startIndex < lb || startIndex >= array.Length + lb)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count")); 
            if (count > startIndex - lb + 1) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("endIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_EndIndexStartIndex"));
            if (array.Rank != 1) 
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));

            // Try calling a quick native method to handle primitive types.
            int retVal; 
            bool r = TrySZLastIndexOf(array, startIndex, count, value, out retVal);
            if (r) 
                return retVal; 

            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            int endIndex = startIndex - count + 1;
            if (objArray!=null) {
                if (value == null) {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                        if (objArray[i] == null) return i;
                    } 
                } 
                else {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                        Object obj = objArray[i];
                        if (obj != null && obj.Equals(value)) return i;
                    }
                } 
            }
            else { 
                for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                    Object obj = array.GetValue(i);
                    if( obj == null) { 
                        if(value == null) return i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if( obj.Equals(value)) return i; 
                    }
                } 
            } 
            return lb-1;  // Return lb-1 for arrays with negative lower bounds.
        } 

#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS
        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, array.Length - 1, array.Length);
        }

        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex) { 
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            // if array is empty and startIndex is 0, we need to pass 0 as count
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, (array.Length == 0)? 0 : (startIndex + 1));
        }
 
        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if(array.Length == 0) {
                // 
                // Special case for 0 length List
                // accept -1 and 0 as valid startIndex for compablility reason. 
                // 
                if( startIndex != -1 && startIndex != 0) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }

                // only 0 is a valid value for count if array is empty
                if( count != 0) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
                } 
                return -1; 
            }
 
            // Make sure we're not out of range
            if ( startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= array.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            // 2nd have of this also catches when startIndex == MAXINT, so MAXINT - 0 + 1 == -1, which is < 0. 
            if (count < 0 || startIndex - count + 1 < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 

            return EqualityComparer.Default.LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, count);
        }
#endif 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZLastIndexOf(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, int count, Object value, out int retVal);


        // Reverses all elements of the given array. Following a call to this 
        // method, an element previously located at index i will now be
        // located at index length - i - 1, where length is the 
        // length of the array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Reverse(Array array) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Reverse(array, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length);
        } 
 
        // Reverses the elements in a range of an array. Following a call to this
        // method, an element in the range given by index and count 
        // which was previously located at index i will now be located at
        // index index + (index + count - i - 1).
        // Reliability note: This may fail because it may have to box objects.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Reverse(Array array, int index, int length) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            if (index < array.GetLowerBound(0) || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "length"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (array.Length - (index - array.GetLowerBound(0)) < length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            if (array.Rank != 1)
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            bool r = TrySZReverse(array, index, length); 
            if (r)
                return;

            int i = index; 
            int j = index + length - 1;
            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            if (objArray!=null) { 
                while (i < j) {
                    Object temp = objArray[i]; 
                    objArray[i] = objArray[j];
                    objArray[j] = temp;
                    i++;
                    j--; 
                }
            } 
            else { 
                while (i < j) {
                    Object temp = array.GetValue(i); 
                    array.SetValue(array.GetValue(j), i);
                    array.SetValue(temp, j);
                    i++;
                    j--; 
                }
            } 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        private static extern bool TrySZReverse(Array array, int index, int count); 

        // Sorts the elements of an array. The sort compares the elements to each 
        // other using the IComparable interface, which must be implemented 
        // by all elements of the array.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array array) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, null, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, null); 
        } 

        // Sorts the elements of two arrays based on the keys in the first array. 
        // Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the IComparable interface, which must be
        // implemented by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(keys, items, keys.GetLowerBound(0), keys.Length, null);
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of an array. The sort compares the
        // elements to each other using the IComparable interface, which 
        // must be implemented by all elements in the given section of the array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length) {
            Sort(array, null, index, length, null);
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of two arrays based on the keys in the
        // first array. Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the 
        // keys to each other using the IComparable interface, which must be
        // implemented by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length) {
            Sort(keys, items, index, length, null); 
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements of an array. The sort compares the elements to each 
        // other using the given IComparer interface. If comparer is
        // null, the elements are compared to each other using the 
        // IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented by
        // all elements of the array.
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, null, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, comparer); 
        }

        // Sorts the elements of two arrays based on the keys in the first array.
        // Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the given IComparer interface. If 
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using 
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented
        // by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, IComparer comparer) {
            if (keys==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(keys, items, keys.GetLowerBound(0), keys.Length, comparer); 
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of an array. The sort compares the
        // elements to each other using the given IComparer interface. If
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented 
        // by all elements in the given section of the array.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length, IComparer comparer) {
            Sort(array, null, index, length, comparer); 
        }

        // Sorts the elements in a section of two arrays based on the keys in the
        // first array. Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the given IComparer interface. If 
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using 
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented
        // by all elements of the given section of the keys array. 
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length, IComparer comparer) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            if (keys.Rank != 1 || (items != null && items.Rank != 1)) 
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            if (items != null && keys.GetLowerBound(0) != items.GetLowerBound(0)) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_LowerBoundsMustMatch"));
            if (index < keys.GetLowerBound(0) || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (keys.Length - (index - keys.GetLowerBound(0)) < length || (items != null && (index - items.GetLowerBound(0)) > items.Length - length)) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            if (length > 1) { 
                if (comparer == Comparer.Default || comparer == null) {
                    bool r = TrySZSort(keys, items, index, index + length - 1);
                    if (r)
                        return; 
                }
 
                Object[] objKeys = keys as Object[]; 
                Object[] objItems = null;
                if (objKeys != null) 
                    objItems = items as Object[];
                if (objKeys != null && (items==null || objItems != null)) {
                    SorterObjectArray sorter = new SorterObjectArray(objKeys, objItems, comparer);
                    sorter.QuickSort(index, index + length - 1); 
                }
                else { 
                    SorterGenericArray sorter = new SorterGenericArray(keys, items, comparer); 
                    sorter.QuickSort(index, index + length - 1);
                } 
            }
        }

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZSort(Array keys, Array items, int left, int right);
 
#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(T[] array) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(array, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, null); 
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items) {
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(keys, items, 0, keys.Length, null); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(T[] array, int index, int length) {
            Sort(array, index, length, null);
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, int index, int length) { 
            Sort(keys, items, index, length, null); 
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(T[] array, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, 0, array.Length, comparer); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(keys, items, 0, keys.Length, comparer);
        } 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(T[] array, int index, int length, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (array.Length - index < length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            if (length > 1) {
                // 
                // TrySZSort is still faster than the generic implementation.
                // The reason is Int32.CompareTo is still expensive than just using "<" or ">". 
                // 
                if ( comparer == null || comparer == Comparer.Default ) { 
                    if(TrySZSort(array, null, index, index + length - 1)) { 
                        return;
                    } 
                }

                ArraySortHelper.Default.Sort(array, index, length, comparer);
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, int index, int length, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            if (keys.Length - index < length || (items != null && index > items.Length - length))
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            if (length > 1) { 
                if ( comparer == null || comparer == Comparer.Default ) {
                    if(TrySZSort(keys, items, index, index + length - 1)) {
                        return;
                    } 
                }
 
                ArraySortHelper.Default.Sort(keys, items, index, length, comparer); 
            }
        } 
#endif

        public static void Sort(T[] array, Comparison comparison) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( comparison == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparison"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            IComparer comparer = new FunctorComparer(comparison); 
            Array.Sort(array, comparer);
        } 
 
        public static bool TrueForAll(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            }

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) { 
                if( !match(array[i])) {
                    return false;
                }
            } 
            return true;
        } 
 
        internal sealed class FunctorComparer : IComparer {
            Comparison comparison; 
            Comparer c = Comparer.Default;

            public FunctorComparer(Comparison comparison) {
                this.comparison = comparison; 
            }
 
            public int Compare(T x, T y) { 
                return comparison(x, y);
            } 
        }


        // Private value type used by the Sort methods. 
        private struct SorterObjectArray
        { 
            private Object[] keys; 
            private Object[] items;
            private IComparer comparer; 

            internal SorterObjectArray(Object[] keys, Object[] items, IComparer comparer) {
                if (comparer == null) comparer = Comparer.Default;
                this.keys = keys; 
                this.items = items;
                this.comparer = comparer; 
            } 

            internal void SwapIfGreaterWithItems(int a, int b) { 
                if (a != b) {
                    try {
                        if (comparer.Compare(keys[a], keys[b]) > 0) {
                            Object temp = keys[a]; 
                            keys[a] = keys[b];
                            keys[b] = temp; 
                            if (items != null) { 
                                Object item = items[a];
                                items[a] = items[b]; 
                                items[b] = item;
                            }
                        }
                    } 
                    catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", keys[b], keys[b].GetType().Name, comparer)); 
                    } 
                    catch (Exception e) {
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e); 
                    }
                }
            }
 

            internal void QuickSort(int left, int right) { 
                // Can use the much faster jit helpers for array access. 
                do {
                    int i = left; 
                    int j = right;

                    // pre-sort the low, middle (pivot), and high values in place.
                    // this improves performance in the face of already sorted data, or 
                    // data that is made up of multiple sorted runs appended together.
                    int middle = GetMedian(i, j); 
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, middle); // swap the low with the mid point 
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, j);      // swap the low with the high
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(middle, j); // swap the middle with the high 

                    Object x = keys[middle];
                    do {
                        // Add a try block here to detect IComparers (or their 
                        // underlying IComparables, etc) that are bogus.
                        try { 
                            while (comparer.Compare(keys[i], x) < 0) i++; 
                            while (comparer.Compare(x, keys[j]) < 0) j--;
                        } 
                        catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", x, x.GetType().Name, comparer));
                        }
                        catch (Exception e) { 
                            throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e);
                        } 
                        Contract.Assert(i>=left && j<=right, "(i>=left && j<=right)  Sort failed - Is your IComparer bogus?"); 
                        if (i > j) break;
                        if (i < j) { 
                            Object key = keys[i];
                            keys[i] = keys[j];
                            keys[j] = key;
                            if (items != null) { 
                                Object item = items[i];
                                items[i] = items[j]; 
                                items[j] = item; 
                            }
                        } 
                        i++;
                        j--;
                    } while (i <= j);
                    if (j - left <= right - i) { 
                        if (left < j) QuickSort(left, j);
                        left = i; 
                    } 
                    else {
                        if (i < right) QuickSort(i, right); 
                        right = j;
                    }
                } while (left < right);
            } 
        }
 
        // Private value used by the Sort methods for instances of Array. 
        // This is slower than the one for Object[], since we can't use the JIT helpers
        // to access the elements.  We must use GetValue & SetValue. 
        private struct SorterGenericArray
        {
            private Array keys;
            private Array items; 
            private IComparer comparer;
 
            internal SorterGenericArray(Array keys, Array items, IComparer comparer) { 
                if (comparer == null) comparer = Comparer.Default;
                this.keys = keys; 
                this.items = items;
                this.comparer = comparer;
            }
 
            internal void SwapIfGreaterWithItems(int a, int b) {
                if (a != b) { 
                    try { 
                        if (comparer.Compare(keys.GetValue(a), keys.GetValue(b)) > 0) {
                            Object key = keys.GetValue(a); 
                            keys.SetValue(keys.GetValue(b), a);
                            keys.SetValue(key, b);
                            if (items != null) {
                                Object item = items.GetValue(a); 
                                items.SetValue(items.GetValue(b), a);
                                items.SetValue(item, b); 
                            } 
                        }
                    } 
                    catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", keys.GetValue(b), keys.GetValue(b).GetType().Name, comparer));
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) { 
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e);
                    } 
                } 
            }
 
            internal void QuickSort(int left, int right) {
                // Must use slow Array accessors (GetValue & SetValue)
                do {
                    int i = left; 
                    int j = right;
 
                    // pre-sort the low, middle (pivot), and high values in place. 
                    // this improves performance in the face of already sorted data, or
                    // data that is made up of multiple sorted runs appended together. 
                    int middle = GetMedian(i, j);
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, middle); // swap the low with the mid point
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, j);      // swap the low with the high
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(middle, j); // swap the middle with the high 

                    Object x = keys.GetValue(middle); 
                    do { 
                        // Add a try block here to detect IComparers (or their
                        // underlying IComparables, etc) that are bogus. 
                        try {
                            while (comparer.Compare(keys.GetValue(i), x) < 0) i++;
                            while (comparer.Compare(x, keys.GetValue(j)) < 0) j--;
                        } 
                        catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", x, x.GetType().Name, comparer)); 
                        } 
                        catch (Exception e) {
                            throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e); 
                        }
                        Contract.Assert(i>=left && j<=right, "(i>=left && j<=right)  Sort failed - Is your IComparer bogus?");
                        if (i > j) break;
                        if (i < j) { 
                            Object key = keys.GetValue(i);
                            keys.SetValue(keys.GetValue(j), i); 
                            keys.SetValue(key, j); 
                            if (items != null) {
                                Object item = items.GetValue(i); 
                                items.SetValue(items.GetValue(j), i);
                                items.SetValue(item, j);
                            }
                        } 
                        if( i != Int32.MaxValue)  ++i;
                        if( j != Int32.MinValue)   --j; 
                    } while (i <= j); 
                    if (j - left <= right - i) {
                        if (left < j) QuickSort(left, j); 
                        left = i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (i < right) QuickSort(i, right); 
                        right = j;
                    } 
                } while (left < right); 
            }
        } 

        [Serializable] private sealed class SZArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator, ICloneable
        {
            private Array _array; 
            private int _index;
            private int _endIndex; // cache array length, since it's a little slow. 
 
            internal SZArrayEnumerator(Array array) {
                Contract.Assert(array.Rank == 1 && array.GetLowerBound(0) == 0, "SZArrayEnumerator only works on single dimension arrays w/ a lower bound of zero."); 
                _array = array;
                _index = -1;
                _endIndex = array.Length;
            } 

            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
            public Object Clone() 
            {
                return MemberwiseClone(); 
            }

            public bool MoveNext() {
                if (_index < _endIndex) { 
                    _index++;
                    return (_index < _endIndex); 
                } 
                return false;
            } 

            public Object Current {
                get {
                    if (_index < 0) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted)); 
                    if (_index >= _endIndex) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded));
                    return _array.GetValue(_index); 
                } 
            }
 
            public void Reset() {
                _index = -1;
            }
        } 

        [Serializable] private sealed class ArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator, ICloneable 
        { 
            private Array array;
            private int index; 
            private int endIndex;
            private int startIndex;    // Save for Reset.
            private int[] _indices;    // The current position in a multidim array
            private bool _complete; 

            internal ArrayEnumerator(Array array, int index, int count) { 
                this.array = array; 
                this.index = index - 1;
                startIndex = index; 
                endIndex = index + count;
                _indices = new int[array.Rank];
                int checkForZero = 1;  // Check for dimensions of size 0.
                for(int i=0; i=0; dim--) { 
                    if (_indices[dim] > array.GetUpperBound(dim)) {
                        if (dim==0) { 
                            _complete = true;
                            break;
                        }
                        for(int j=dim; j,
    // IList, etc., etc. all the way up to IList. When the following call is
    // made:
    // 
    //   ((IList) (new U[n])).SomeIListMethod()
    // 
    // the interface stub dispatcher treats this as a special case, loads up SZArrayHelper, 
    // finds the corresponding generic method (matched simply by method name), instantiates
    // it for type  and executes it. 
    //
    // The "T" will reflect the interface used to invoke the method. The actual runtime "this" will be
    // array that is castable to "T[]" (i.e. for primitivs and valuetypes, it will be exactly
    // "T[]" - for orefs, it may be a "U[]" where U derives from T.) 
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    sealed class SZArrayHelper { 
        // It is never legal to instantiate this class. 
        private SZArrayHelper() {
            Contract.Assert(false, "Hey! How'd I get here?"); 
        }


        // ----------------------------------------------------------- 
        // ------- Implement IEnumerable interface methods --------
        // ------------------------------------------------------------ 
        internal IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            return new SZGenericArrayEnumerator(JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this));
        }

        // ----------------------------------------------------------- 
        // ------- Implement ICollection interface methods --------
        // ------------------------------------------------------------ 
        void CopyTo(T[] array, int index) { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 

            if (array != null && array.Rank != 1)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            Array.Copy(_this, 0, array, index, _this.Length); 
        }
 
        internal int get_Count() {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole!
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            return _this.Length;
        } 
 
        // ------------------------------------------------------------
        // ---------- Implement IList interface methods ----------- 
        // -----------------------------------------------------------
        internal T get_Item(int index) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this);
            if ((uint)index >= (uint)_this.Length) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(); 
            }
 
            return _this[index];
        }

        internal void set_Item(int index, T value) { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            if ((uint)index >= (uint)_this.Length) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(); 
            }

            _this[index] = value;
        } 

        void Add(T value) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays. 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        bool Contains(T value) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this);
            return Array.IndexOf(_this, value) != -1; 
        } 

        bool get_IsReadOnly() { 
            return true;
        }

        void Clear() { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_ReadOnlyCollection")); 
        }
 
        int IndexOf(T value) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole!
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            return Array.IndexOf(_this, value);
        } 
 
        void Insert(int index, T value) {
            // Not meaningful for arrays 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        }

        bool Remove(T value) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection")); 
        } 

        void RemoveAt(int index) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        }
 
        // This is a normal generic Enumerator for SZ arrays. It doesn't have any of the "this" stuff
        // that SZArrayHelper does. 
        // 
        [Serializable] private sealed class SZGenericArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator {
            private T[] _array; 
            private int _index;
            private int _endIndex; // cache array length, since it's a little slow.

            internal SZGenericArrayEnumerator(T[] array) { 
                Contract.Assert(array.Rank == 1 && array.GetLowerBound(0) == 0, "SZArrayEnumerator only works on single dimension arrays w/ a lower bound of zero.");
                _array = array; 
                _index = -1; 
                _endIndex = array.Length;
            } 

            public bool MoveNext() {
                if (_index < _endIndex) {
                    _index++; 
                    return (_index < _endIndex);
                } 
                return false; 
            }
 
            public T Current {
                get {
                    if (_index < 0) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted));
                    if (_index >= _endIndex) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded)); 
                    return _array[_index];
                } 
            } 

            object IEnumerator.Current { 
                get {
                    return Current;
                }
            } 

            void IEnumerator.Reset() { 
                _index = -1; 
            }
 
            public void Dispose()
            {
            }
        } 
    }
    /* 
    [ContractClassFor(typeof(Array))] 
    internal abstract class ArrayContracts : Array
    { 
        private ArrayContracts() { }

        public new int Rank
        { 
            [Pure]
            get 
            { 
                Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() >= 0);
                return default(int); 
            }
        }

        public new int Length 
        {
            [Pure] 
            get 
            {
                Contract.Ensures(0 <= Contract.Result()); 
                return default(int);
            }
        }
 
        // Copy
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, int length) 
        { 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
        }
 
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
        }
 
        public new static void ConstrainedCopy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length)
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        }

        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, long length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        }
 
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, long sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, long destinationIndex, long length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        } 
 
        public new static void Clear(Array array, int index, int length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0));  // No precondition on the rank.  But index >= the first dimension's lower bounds.
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(array.Length - (index + array.GetLowerBound(0)) >= length); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(long index) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0));

            return default(Object); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(int index) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0));

            return default(Object); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(int[] indices) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(indices != null); 

            return default(Object);
        }
 
        public new void SetValue(Object value, int index)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0)); 
        }

        [Pure]
        public new int GetUpperBound(int dimension) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(dimension >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(dimension <= this.Rank); 
            return default(int);
        } 

        [Pure]
        public new int GetLowerBound(int dimension)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(dimension >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(dimension <= this.Rank); 
            return default(int); 
        }
 
        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length, System.Collections.IComparer comparer)
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= keys.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(keys.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= keys.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || index + length <= items.Length);
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length, System.Collections.IComparer comparer) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(array != null); 
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(array.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= array.Length);
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, System.Collections.IComparer comparer) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null); 
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0)); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, System.Collections.IComparer comparer)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
        } 

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1);
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index >= keys.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(keys.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= keys.Length);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || index + length <= items.Length); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(array.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= array.Length); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0));
        } 
    }
     */
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
/*============================================================
** 
** Class:  Array 
**
** Purpose: Base class which can be used to access any array 
**
===========================================================*/
namespace System {
 
    using System;
    using System.Collections; 
    using System.Collections.Generic; 
    using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
    using System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution;
    using System.Runtime.Versioning;
    using System.Security; 
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Diagnostics.Contracts; 
 
    [Serializable]
    [ComVisible(true)] 
    //[ContractClass(typeof(ArrayContracts))]
    public abstract class Array : ICloneable, IList, IStructuralComparable, IStructuralEquatable
    {
        ///  
        internal Array() {}  // Don't call this.  Internal for ArrayContracts type.
 
        public static ReadOnlyCollection AsReadOnly(T[] array) { 
            if (array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result>() != null);

            // T[] implements IList. 
            return new ReadOnlyCollection(array);
        } 
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Resize(ref T[] array, int newSize) { 
            if (newSize < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newSize", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out array) != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out array).Length == newSize); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            T[] larray = array; 
            if (larray == null) {
                array = new T[newSize]; 
                return;
            }

            if (larray.Length != newSize) { 
                T[] newArray = new T[newSize];
                Array.Copy(larray, 0, newArray, 0,  larray.Length > newSize? newSize : larray.Length); 
                array = newArray; 
            }
        } 

        // Create instance will create an array
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType"); 
            if (length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Length == length);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 1);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType; 
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"),"elementType");
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,1,&length,null); 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType"); 
            if (length1 < 0 || length2 < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length1 < 0 ? "length1" : "length2"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 2);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(0) == length1);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(1) == length2); 

            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType; 
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"),"elementType");
            int* pLengths = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pLengths[0] = length1;
            pLengths[1] = length2;
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,2,pLengths,null);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2, int length3) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (length1 < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (length2 < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (length3 < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == 3); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(0) == length1);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(1) == length2);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().GetLength(2) == length3);
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType"); 
            int* pLengths = stackalloc int[3];
            pLengths[0] = length1; 
            pLengths[1] = length2;
            pLengths[2] = length3;
            return InternalCreate((void*)t.TypeHandle.Value,3,pLengths,null);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, params int[] lengths) 
        {
            if ((object)elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (lengths == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lengths");
            if (lengths.Length == 0) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NeedAtLeast1Rank"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType");
 
            // Check to make sure the lenghts are all positive. Note that we check this here to give
            // a good exception message if they are not; however we check this again inside the execution 
            // engine's low level allocation function after having made a copy of the array to prevent a 
            // malicious caller from mutating the array after this check.
            for (int i=0;i() != null); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int[] intLengths = new int[lengths.Length];

            for (int i = 0; i < lengths.Length; ++i)
            { 
                long len = lengths[i];
                if (len > Int32.MaxValue || len < Int32.MinValue) 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("len", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
                intLengths[i] = (int) len;
            } 

            return Array.CreateInstance(elementType, intLengths);
        }
 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int[] lengths,int[] lowerBounds) 
        {
            if (elementType == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementType");
            if (lengths == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lengths");
            if (lowerBounds == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("lowerBounds");
            if (lengths.Length != lowerBounds.Length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RanksAndBounds")); 
            if (lengths.Length == 0)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NeedAtLeast1Rank")); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Rank == lengths.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            RuntimeType t = elementType.UnderlyingSystemType as RuntimeType;
            if (t == null) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_MustBeType"), "elementType"); 

            // Check to make sure the lenghts are all positive. Note that we check this here to give 
            // a good exception message if they are not; however we check this again inside the execution
            // engine's low level allocation function after having made a copy of the array to prevent a
            // malicious caller from mutating the array after this check.
            for (int i=0;i= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
             */ 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0), destinationArray, destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0), length, false);
        }

        // Copies length elements from sourceArray, starting at sourceIndex, to 
        // destinationArray, starting at destinationIndex.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceIndex, destinationArray, destinationIndex, length, false);
        }
 
        // Reliability-wise, this method will either possibly corrupt your
        // instance & might fail when called from within a CER, or if the 
        // reliable flag is true, it will either always succeed or always 
        // throw an exception with no side effects.
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal static extern void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length, bool reliable); 

        // Provides a strong exception guarantee - either it succeeds, or 
        // it throws an exception with no side effects.  The arrays must be 
        // compatible array types based on the array element type - this
        // method does not support casting, boxing, or primitive widening. 
        // It will up-cast, assuming the array types are correct.
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        public static void ConstrainedCopy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Copy(sourceArray, sourceIndex, destinationArray, destinationIndex, length, true); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, long length)
        {
            if (length > Int32.MaxValue || length < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 

            Array.Copy(sourceArray, destinationArray, (int) length); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Copy(Array sourceArray, long sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, long destinationIndex, long length)
        {
            if (sourceIndex > Int32.MaxValue || sourceIndex < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("sourceIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (destinationIndex > Int32.MaxValue || destinationIndex < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("destinationIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (length > Int32.MaxValue || length < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
 
            Array.Copy(sourceArray, (int) sourceIndex, destinationArray, (int) destinationIndex, (int) length);
        }

 
        // Sets length elements in array to 0 (or null for Object arrays), starting
        // at index. 
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        public static extern void Clear(Array array, int index, int length);
 
        // The various Get values...
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(params int[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices");
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            fixed(int* pIndices = indices) 
                InternalGetReference(&elemref, indices.Length, pIndices);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref); 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index) 
        {
            if (Rank != 1) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need1DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 1, &index);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index1, int index2) 
        {
            if (Rank != 2) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need2DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 2, pIndices); 
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref);
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe Object GetValue(int index1, int index2, int index3)
        { 
            if (Rank != 3) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need3DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[3];
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
            pIndices[2] = index3;
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 3, pIndices);
            return TypedReference.InternalToObject(&elemref); 
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public Object GetValue(long index) 
        {
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return this.GetValue((int) index);
        }

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public Object GetValue(long index1, long index2)
        { 
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            return this.GetValue((int) index1, (int) index2); 
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public Object GetValue(long index1, long index2, long index3)
        { 
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index3 > Int32.MaxValue || index3 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return this.GetValue((int) index1, (int) index2, (int) index3); 
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public Object GetValue(params long[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices"); 
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int[] intIndices = new int[indices.Length];
 
            for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; ++i)
            { 
                long index = indices[i]; 
                if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
                intIndices[i] = (int) index;
            }

            return this.GetValue(intIndices); 
        }
 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index) 
        {
            if (Rank != 1)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need1DArray"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 1, &index); 
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index1, int index2)
        { 
            if (Rank != 2)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need2DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[2]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2;

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference(); 
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 2, pIndices);
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value); 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,int index1, int index2, int index3)
        {
            if (Rank != 3)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_Need3DArray")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int* pIndices = stackalloc int[3]; 
            pIndices[0] = index1;
            pIndices[1] = index2; 
            pIndices[2] = index3;

            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            InternalGetReference(&elemref, 3, pIndices); 
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        } 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        public unsafe void SetValue(Object value,params int[] indices) 
        {
            if (indices == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices");
            if (Rank != indices.Length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            TypedReference elemref = new TypedReference();
            fixed(int* pIndices = indices) 
                InternalGetReference(&elemref, indices.Length, pIndices);
            InternalSetValue(&elemref,value);
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index) 
        { 
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index);
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index1, long index2) 
        {
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index1, (int) index2); 
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public void SetValue(Object value, long index1, long index2, long index3)
        {
            if (index1 > Int32.MaxValue || index1 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index1", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index2 > Int32.MaxValue || index2 < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index2", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            if (index3 > Int32.MaxValue || index3 < Int32.MinValue) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index3", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            this.SetValue(value, (int) index1, (int) index2, (int) index3);
        }
 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void SetValue(Object value, params long[] indices) 
        { 
            if (indices == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("indices"); 
            if (Rank != indices.Length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankIndices"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int[] intIndices = new int[indices.Length];
 
            for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; ++i) 
            {
                long index = indices[i]; 
                if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported"));
                intIndices[i] = (int) index;
            } 

            this.SetValue(value, intIndices); 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        // reference to TypedReference is banned, so have to pass result as pointer
        private unsafe extern void InternalGetReference(void * elemRef, int rank, int * pIndices); 

        // Ideally, we would like to use TypedReference.SetValue instead. Unfortunately, TypedReference.SetValue 
        // always throws not-supported exception 
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        private unsafe extern static void InternalSetValue(void * target, Object value);

        public extern int Length { 
            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
            get; 
        }

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        private static int GetMedian(int low, int hi) { 
            // Note both may be negative, if we are dealing with arrays w/ negative lower bounds.
            Contract.Requires(low <= hi); 
            Contract.Assert( hi - low >= 0, "Length overflow!"); 
            return low + ((hi - low) >> 1);
        } 

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public long LongLength {
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            get {
                Contract.Ensures(this.GetLowerBound(0) <= Contract.Result()); 
                return Length; 
            }
        } 

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        public extern int GetLength(int dimension);
 
        [ComVisible(false)] 
        public long GetLongLength(int dimension) {
            //This method should throw an IndexOufOfRangeException for compat if dimension < 0 or >= Rank 
            return GetLength(dimension);
        }

        public extern int Rank { 
            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
            [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
            [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
            [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
            get; 
        }

        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [Pure] 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)] 
        public extern int GetUpperBound(int dimension);
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [Pure]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        public extern int GetLowerBound(int dimension); 
 
        #if !FEATURE_CORECLR
        [System.Runtime.ForceTokenStabilization] 
        #endif //!FEATURE_CORECLR
        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.Success)]
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal extern int GetDataPtrOffsetInternal(); 
 
        // Number of elements in the Array.
        int ICollection.Count 
        { get { return Length; } }


        // Returns an object appropriate for synchronizing access to this 
        // Array.
        public Object SyncRoot 
        { get { return this; } } 

        // Is this Array read-only? 
        public bool IsReadOnly
        { get { return false; } }

        public bool IsFixedSize { 
            get { return true; }
        } 
 
        // Is this Array synchronized (i.e., thread-safe)?  If you want a synchronized
        // collection, you can use SyncRoot as an object to synchronize your 
        // collection with.  You could also call GetSynchronized()
        // to get a synchronized wrapper around the Array.
        public bool IsSynchronized
        { get { return false; } } 

 
        Object IList.this[int index] { 
            get { return GetValue(index); }
            set { SetValue(value, index); } 
        }

        int IList.Add(Object value)
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 
 
        bool IList.Contains(Object value)
        { 
            return Array.IndexOf(this, value) >= this.GetLowerBound(0);
        }

        void IList.Clear() 
        {
            Array.Clear(this, 0, this.Length); 
        } 

        int IList.IndexOf(Object value) 
        {
            return Array.IndexOf(this, value);
        }
 
        void IList.Insert(int index, Object value)
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection")); 
        }
 
        void IList.Remove(Object value)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        void IList.RemoveAt(int index) 
        { 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        // Make a new array which is a deep copy of the original array.
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        public Object Clone()
        { 
            return MemberwiseClone(); 
        }
 
        Int32 IStructuralComparable.CompareTo(Object other, IComparer comparer) {
            if (other == null) {
                return 1;
            } 

            Array o = other as Array; 
 
            if (o == null || this.Length != o.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentException_OtherNotArrayOfCorrectLength"), "other"); 
            }

            int i = 0;
            int c = 0; 

            while (i < o.Length && c == 0) { 
                object left = GetValue(i); 
                object right = o.GetValue(i);
 
                c = comparer.Compare(left, right);
                i++;
            }
 
            return c;
        } 
 
        Boolean IStructuralEquatable.Equals(Object other, IEqualityComparer comparer) {
 
            if (other == null) {
                return false;
            }
 
            if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, other)) {
                return true; 
            } 

            Array o = other as Array; 

            if (o == null || o.Length != this.Length) {
                return false;
            } 

            int i = 0; 
            while (i < o.Length) { 
                object left = GetValue(i);
                object right = o.GetValue(i); 

                if (!comparer.Equals(left, right)) {
                    return false;
                } 
                i++;
            } 
 
            return true;
        } 

        // From System.Web.Util.HashCodeCombiner
        internal static int CombineHashCodes(int h1, int h2) {
            return (((h1 << 5) + h1) ^ h2); 
        }
 
        int IStructuralEquatable.GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comparer) { 
            if (comparer == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            int ret = 0;
 
            for (int i = (this.Length >= 8 ? this.Length - 8 : 0); i < this.Length; i++) {
                ret = CombineHashCodes(ret, comparer.GetHashCode(GetValue(0))); 
            } 

            return ret; 
        }

        // Searches an array for a given element using a binary search algorithm.
        // Elements of the array are compared to the search value using the 
        // IComparable interface, which must be implemented by all elements
        // of the array and the given search value. This method assumes that the 
        // array is already sorted according to the IComparable interface; 
        // if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that 
        // is larger than the given search value.
        // 
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, Object value) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures((Contract.Result() >= array.GetLowerBound(0) && Contract.Result() <= array.GetUpperBound(0)) || (Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) && ~Contract.Result() <= array.GetUpperBound(0) + 1));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return BinarySearch(array, lb, array.Length, value, null); 
        } 

        // Searches a section of an array for a given element using a binary search 
        // algorithm. Elements of the array are compared to the search value using
        // the IComparable interface, which must be implemented by all
        // elements of the array and the given search value. This method assumes
        // that the array is already sorted according to the IComparable 
        // interface; if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a 
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value.
        //
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, int index, int length, Object value) { 
            return BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, null); 
        }
 
        // Searches an array for a given element using a binary search algorithm.
        // Elements of the array are compared to the search value using the given
        // IComparer interface. If comparer is null, elements of the
        // array are compared to the search value using the IComparable 
        // interface, which in that case must be implemented by all elements of the
        // array and the given search value. This method assumes that the array is 
        // already sorted; if this is not the case, the result will be incorrect. 
        //
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value. 
        //
        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, Object value, IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return BinarySearch(array, lb, array.Length, value, comparer); 
        }
 
        // Searches a section of an array for a given element using a binary search 
        // algorithm. Elements of the array are compared to the search value using
        // the given IComparer interface. If comparer is null, 
        // elements of the array are compared to the search value using the
        // IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented by
        // all elements of the array and the given search value. This method
        // assumes that the array is already sorted; if this is not the case, the 
        // result will be incorrect.
        // 
        // The method returns the index of the given value in the array. If the 
        // array does not contain the given value, the method returns a negative
        // integer. The bitwise complement operator (~) can be applied to a 
        // negative result to produce the index of the first element (if any) that
        // is larger than the given search value.
        //
        [Pure] 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int BinarySearch(Array array, int index, int length, Object value, IComparer comparer) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            if (index < lb || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            return BinarySearch(array, 0, array.Length, value, null); 
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, T value, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            return BinarySearch(array, 0, array.Length, value, comparer); 
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, int index, int length, T value) {
            return BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, null);
        } 

        [Pure] 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int BinarySearch(T[] array, int index, int length, T value, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "length"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            if (array.Length - index < length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return ArraySortHelper.Default.BinarySearch(array, index, length, value, comparer); 
        }
#endif

        public static TOutput[] ConvertAll(TInput[] array, Converter converter) { 
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( converter == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("converter");
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null);
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result().Length == array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            TOutput[] newArray = new TOutput[array.Length]; 
            for( int i = 0; i< array.Length; i++) {
                newArray[i] = converter(array[i]); 
            }
            return newArray;
        }
 
        // CopyTo copies a collection into an Array, starting at a particular
        // index into the array. 
        // 
        // This method is to support the ICollection interface, and calls
        // Array.Copy internally.  If you aren't using ICollection explicitly, 
        // call Array.Copy to avoid an extra indirection.
        //
        [Pure]
        public void CopyTo(Array array, int index) 
        {
            if (array != null && array.Rank != 1) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_RankMultiDimNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            // Note: Array.Copy throws a RankException and we want a consistent ArgumentException for all the IList CopyTo methods. 
            Array.Copy(this, GetLowerBound(0), array, index, Length);
        }

        [Pure] 
        [ComVisible(false)]
        public void CopyTo(Array array, long index) 
        { 
            if (index > Int32.MaxValue || index < Int32.MinValue)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_HugeArrayNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            this.CopyTo(array, (int) index);
        } 

        public static bool Exists(T[] array, Predicate match) { 
            return Array.FindIndex(array, match) != -1; 
        }
 
        public static T Find(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                if(match(array[i])) {
                    return array[i]; 
                }
            } 
            return default(T); 
        }
 
        public static T[] FindAll(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            List list = new List();
            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                if(match(array[i])) { 
                    list.Add(array[i]);
                } 
            } 
            return list.ToArray();
        } 

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindIndex(array, 0, array.Length, match); 
        }

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, Predicate match) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return FindIndex(array, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex, match);
        }

        public static int FindIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, int count, Predicate match) { 
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( startIndex < 0 || startIndex > array.Length ) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            }

            if (count < 0 || startIndex > array.Length - count) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            int endIndex = startIndex + count;
            for( int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                if( match(array[i])) return i; 
            }
            return -1; 
        }

        public static T FindLast(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            for(int i = array.Length - 1 ; i >= 0; i--) { 
                if(match(array[i])) {
                    return array[i]; 
                } 
            }
            return default(T); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindLastIndex(array, array.Length - 1, array.Length, match); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            return FindLastIndex(array, startIndex, startIndex + 1, match); 
        }

        public static int FindLastIndex(T[] array, int startIndex, int count, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( match == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if(array.Length == 0) { 
                // Special case for 0 length List
                if( startIndex != -1) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }
            } 
            else {
                // Make sure we're not out of range
                if ( startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= array.Length) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }
            } 
 
            // 2nd have of this also catches when startIndex == MAXINT, so MAXINT - 0 + 1 == -1, which is < 0.
            if (count < 0 || startIndex - count + 1 < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            }

            int endIndex = startIndex - count; 
            for( int i = startIndex; i > endIndex; i--) {
                if( match(array[i])) { 
                    return i; 
                }
            } 
            return -1;
        }

        public static void ForEach(T[] array, Action action) { 
            if( array == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 

            if( action == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) {
                action(array[i]); 
            } 
        }
 
        // GetEnumerator returns an IEnumerator over this Array.
        //
        // Currently, only one dimensional arrays are supported.
        // 
        public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
        { 
            int lowerBound = GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (Rank == 1 && lowerBound == 0)
                return new SZArrayEnumerator(this); 
            else
                return new ArrayEnumerator(this, lowerBound, Length);
        }
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in an array.
        // The array is searched forwards, and the elements of the array are 
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            return IndexOf(array, value, lb, array.Length); 
        }
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched forwards, starting at index
        // startIndex and ending at the last element of the array. The
        // elements of the array are compared to the given value using the 
        // Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            return IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex + lb);
        } 
 
        // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched forwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and upto count elements. The
        // elements of the array are compared to the given value using the
        // Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static int IndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex, int count) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            if (array.Rank != 1)
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (startIndex < lb || startIndex > array.Length + lb) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            if (count < 0 || count > array.Length - startIndex + lb) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));

            // Try calling a quick native method to handle primitive types.
            int retVal; 
            bool r = TrySZIndexOf(array, startIndex, count, value, out retVal);
            if (r) 
                return retVal; 

            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            int endIndex = startIndex + count;
            if (objArray != null) {
                if (value == null) {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                        if (objArray[i] == null) return i;
                    } 
                } 
                else {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                        Object obj = objArray[i];
                        if (obj != null && obj.Equals(value)) return i;
                    }
                } 
            }
            else { 
                for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) { 
                    Object obj = array.GetValue(i);
                    if( obj == null) { 
                        if(value == null) return i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if( obj.Equals(value)) return i; 
                    }
                } 
            } 
            // Return one less than the lower bound of the array.  This way,
            // for arrays with a lower bound of -1 we will not return -1 when the 
            // item was not found.  And for SZArrays (the vast majority), -1 still
            // works for them.
            return lb-1;
        } 

#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS 
        [Pure] 
        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            }
            Contract.Ensures((Contract.Result() < 0) ||
                (Contract.Result() >= 0 && Contract.Result() < array.Length && EqualityComparer.Default.Equals(value, array[Contract.Result()]))); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return IndexOf(array, value, 0, array.Length); 
        }
 
        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            return IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, array.Length - startIndex);
        } 

        public static int IndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
 
            if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > array.Length ) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (count < 0 || count > array.Length - startIndex) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
 
            return EqualityComparer.Default.IndexOf(array, value, startIndex, count);
        } 
#endif

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZIndexOf(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, int count, Object value, out int retVal); 

 
        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in an array.
        // The array is searched backwards, and the elements of the array are
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value) { 
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, array.Length - 1 + lb, array.Length);
        } 

        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in a range of 
        // an array. The array is searched backwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and ending at index 0. The elements of the array are
        // compared to the given value using the Object.Equals method. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex) {
            if (array == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0);
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, startIndex + 1 - lb); 
        }

        // Returns the index of the last occurrence of a given value in a range of
        // an array. The array is searched backwards, starting at index 
        // startIndex and counting uptocount elements. The elements of
        // the array are compared to the given value using the Object.Equals 
        // method. 
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static int LastIndexOf(Array array, Object value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.GetLowerBound(0) + array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            int lb = array.GetLowerBound(0); 
            if (array.Length == 0) {
                return lb-1; 
            }

            if (startIndex < lb || startIndex >= array.Length + lb)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count")); 
            if (count > startIndex - lb + 1) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("endIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_EndIndexStartIndex"));
            if (array.Rank != 1) 
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));

            // Try calling a quick native method to handle primitive types.
            int retVal; 
            bool r = TrySZLastIndexOf(array, startIndex, count, value, out retVal);
            if (r) 
                return retVal; 

            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            int endIndex = startIndex - count + 1;
            if (objArray!=null) {
                if (value == null) {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                        if (objArray[i] == null) return i;
                    } 
                } 
                else {
                    for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                        Object obj = objArray[i];
                        if (obj != null && obj.Equals(value)) return i;
                    }
                } 
            }
            else { 
                for (int i = startIndex; i >= endIndex; i--) { 
                    Object obj = array.GetValue(i);
                    if( obj == null) { 
                        if(value == null) return i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if( obj.Equals(value)) return i; 
                    }
                } 
            } 
            return lb-1;  // Return lb-1 for arrays with negative lower bounds.
        } 

#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS
        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, array.Length - 1, array.Length);
        }

        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex) { 
            if (array==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            } 
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length);
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            // if array is empty and startIndex is 0, we need to pass 0 as count
            return LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, (array.Length == 0)? 0 : (startIndex + 1));
        }
 
        public static int LastIndexOf(T[] array, T value, int startIndex, int count) {
            if (array==null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            }
            Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() < array.Length); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if(array.Length == 0) {
                // 
                // Special case for 0 length List
                // accept -1 and 0 as valid startIndex for compablility reason. 
                // 
                if( startIndex != -1 && startIndex != 0) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
                }

                // only 0 is a valid value for count if array is empty
                if( count != 0) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
                } 
                return -1; 
            }
 
            // Make sure we're not out of range
            if ( startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= array.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            // 2nd have of this also catches when startIndex == MAXINT, so MAXINT - 0 + 1 == -1, which is < 0. 
            if (count < 0 || startIndex - count + 1 < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Count"));
            } 

            return EqualityComparer.Default.LastIndexOf(array, value, startIndex, count);
        }
#endif 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)] 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZLastIndexOf(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, int count, Object value, out int retVal);


        // Reverses all elements of the given array. Following a call to this 
        // method, an element previously located at index i will now be
        // located at index length - i - 1, where length is the 
        // length of the array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Reverse(Array array) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Reverse(array, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length);
        } 
 
        // Reverses the elements in a range of an array. Following a call to this
        // method, an element in the range given by index and count 
        // which was previously located at index i will now be located at
        // index index + (index + count - i - 1).
        // Reliability note: This may fail because it may have to box objects.
        // 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Reverse(Array array, int index, int length) { 
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            if (index < array.GetLowerBound(0) || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "length"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (array.Length - (index - array.GetLowerBound(0)) < length)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            if (array.Rank != 1)
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            bool r = TrySZReverse(array, index, length); 
            if (r)
                return;

            int i = index; 
            int j = index + length - 1;
            Object[] objArray = array as Object[]; 
            if (objArray!=null) { 
                while (i < j) {
                    Object temp = objArray[i]; 
                    objArray[i] = objArray[j];
                    objArray[j] = temp;
                    i++;
                    j--; 
                }
            } 
            else { 
                while (i < j) {
                    Object temp = array.GetValue(i); 
                    array.SetValue(array.GetValue(j), i);
                    array.SetValue(temp, j);
                    i++;
                    j--; 
                }
            } 
        } 

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        private static extern bool TrySZReverse(Array array, int index, int count); 

        // Sorts the elements of an array. The sort compares the elements to each 
        // other using the IComparable interface, which must be implemented 
        // by all elements of the array.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array array) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, null, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, null); 
        } 

        // Sorts the elements of two arrays based on the keys in the first array. 
        // Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the IComparable interface, which must be
        // implemented by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(keys, items, keys.GetLowerBound(0), keys.Length, null);
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of an array. The sort compares the
        // elements to each other using the IComparable interface, which 
        // must be implemented by all elements in the given section of the array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length) {
            Sort(array, null, index, length, null);
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of two arrays based on the keys in the
        // first array. Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the 
        // keys to each other using the IComparable interface, which must be
        // implemented by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length) {
            Sort(keys, items, index, length, null); 
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements of an array. The sort compares the elements to each 
        // other using the given IComparer interface. If comparer is
        // null, the elements are compared to each other using the 
        // IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented by
        // all elements of the array.
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, null, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, comparer); 
        }

        // Sorts the elements of two arrays based on the keys in the first array.
        // Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the given IComparer interface. If 
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using 
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented
        // by all elements of the keys array. 
        //
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, IComparer comparer) {
            if (keys==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(keys, items, keys.GetLowerBound(0), keys.Length, comparer); 
        }
 
        // Sorts the elements in a section of an array. The sort compares the
        // elements to each other using the given IComparer interface. If
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented 
        // by all elements in the given section of the array.
        // 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length, IComparer comparer) {
            Sort(array, null, index, length, comparer); 
        }

        // Sorts the elements in a section of two arrays based on the keys in the
        // first array. Elements in the keys array specify the sort keys for 
        // corresponding elements in the items array. The sort compares the
        // keys to each other using the given IComparer interface. If 
        // comparer is null, the elements are compared to each other using 
        // the IComparable interface, which in that case must be implemented
        // by all elements of the given section of the keys array. 
        //
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length, IComparer comparer) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            if (keys.Rank != 1 || (items != null && items.Rank != 1)) 
                throw new RankException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            if (items != null && keys.GetLowerBound(0) != items.GetLowerBound(0)) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_LowerBoundsMustMatch"));
            if (index < keys.GetLowerBound(0) || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (keys.Length - (index - keys.GetLowerBound(0)) < length || (items != null && (index - items.GetLowerBound(0)) > items.Length - length)) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            if (length > 1) { 
                if (comparer == Comparer.Default || comparer == null) {
                    bool r = TrySZSort(keys, items, index, index + length - 1);
                    if (r)
                        return; 
                }
 
                Object[] objKeys = keys as Object[]; 
                Object[] objItems = null;
                if (objKeys != null) 
                    objItems = items as Object[];
                if (objKeys != null && (items==null || objItems != null)) {
                    SorterObjectArray sorter = new SorterObjectArray(objKeys, objItems, comparer);
                    sorter.QuickSort(index, index + length - 1); 
                }
                else { 
                    SorterGenericArray sorter = new SorterGenericArray(keys, items, comparer); 
                    sorter.QuickSort(index, index + length - 1);
                } 
            }
        }

        [System.Security.SecurityCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ResourceExposure(ResourceScope.None)]
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        private static extern bool TrySZSort(Array keys, Array items, int left, int right);
 
#if ARRAY_GENERIC_METHODS
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(T[] array) {
            if (array==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(array, array.GetLowerBound(0), array.Length, null); 
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items) {
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(keys, items, 0, keys.Length, null); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(T[] array, int index, int length) {
            Sort(array, index, length, null);
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, int index, int length) { 
            Sort(keys, items, index, length, null); 
        }
 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(T[] array, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array"); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            Sort(array, 0, array.Length, comparer); 
        } 

        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 
            Sort(keys, items, 0, keys.Length, comparer);
        } 
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)] 
        public static void Sort(T[] array, int index, int length, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (array.Length - index < length) 
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
 
            if (length > 1) {
                // 
                // TrySZSort is still faster than the generic implementation.
                // The reason is Int32.CompareTo is still expensive than just using "<" or ">". 
                // 
                if ( comparer == null || comparer == Comparer.Default ) { 
                    if(TrySZSort(array, null, index, index + length - 1)) { 
                        return;
                    } 
                }

                ArraySortHelper.Default.Sort(array, index, length, comparer);
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
        [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.MayCorruptInstance, Cer.MayFail)]
        public static void Sort(TKey[] keys, TValue[] items, int index, int length, System.Collections.Generic.IComparer comparer) { 
            if (keys==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("keys");
            if (index < 0 || length < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((length<0 ? "length" : "index"), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
            if (keys.Length - index < length || (items != null && index > items.Length - length))
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen")); 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            if (length > 1) { 
                if ( comparer == null || comparer == Comparer.Default ) {
                    if(TrySZSort(keys, items, index, index + length - 1)) {
                        return;
                    } 
                }
 
                ArraySortHelper.Default.Sort(keys, items, index, length, comparer); 
            }
        } 
#endif

        public static void Sort(T[] array, Comparison comparison) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            } 
 
            if( comparison == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparison"); 
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            IComparer comparer = new FunctorComparer(comparison); 
            Array.Sort(array, comparer);
        } 
 
        public static bool TrueForAll(T[] array, Predicate match) {
            if( array == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("array");
            }

            if( match == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("match");
            } 
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            for(int i = 0 ; i < array.Length; i++) { 
                if( !match(array[i])) {
                    return false;
                }
            } 
            return true;
        } 
 
        internal sealed class FunctorComparer : IComparer {
            Comparison comparison; 
            Comparer c = Comparer.Default;

            public FunctorComparer(Comparison comparison) {
                this.comparison = comparison; 
            }
 
            public int Compare(T x, T y) { 
                return comparison(x, y);
            } 
        }


        // Private value type used by the Sort methods. 
        private struct SorterObjectArray
        { 
            private Object[] keys; 
            private Object[] items;
            private IComparer comparer; 

            internal SorterObjectArray(Object[] keys, Object[] items, IComparer comparer) {
                if (comparer == null) comparer = Comparer.Default;
                this.keys = keys; 
                this.items = items;
                this.comparer = comparer; 
            } 

            internal void SwapIfGreaterWithItems(int a, int b) { 
                if (a != b) {
                    try {
                        if (comparer.Compare(keys[a], keys[b]) > 0) {
                            Object temp = keys[a]; 
                            keys[a] = keys[b];
                            keys[b] = temp; 
                            if (items != null) { 
                                Object item = items[a];
                                items[a] = items[b]; 
                                items[b] = item;
                            }
                        }
                    } 
                    catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", keys[b], keys[b].GetType().Name, comparer)); 
                    } 
                    catch (Exception e) {
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e); 
                    }
                }
            }
 

            internal void QuickSort(int left, int right) { 
                // Can use the much faster jit helpers for array access. 
                do {
                    int i = left; 
                    int j = right;

                    // pre-sort the low, middle (pivot), and high values in place.
                    // this improves performance in the face of already sorted data, or 
                    // data that is made up of multiple sorted runs appended together.
                    int middle = GetMedian(i, j); 
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, middle); // swap the low with the mid point 
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, j);      // swap the low with the high
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(middle, j); // swap the middle with the high 

                    Object x = keys[middle];
                    do {
                        // Add a try block here to detect IComparers (or their 
                        // underlying IComparables, etc) that are bogus.
                        try { 
                            while (comparer.Compare(keys[i], x) < 0) i++; 
                            while (comparer.Compare(x, keys[j]) < 0) j--;
                        } 
                        catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", x, x.GetType().Name, comparer));
                        }
                        catch (Exception e) { 
                            throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e);
                        } 
                        Contract.Assert(i>=left && j<=right, "(i>=left && j<=right)  Sort failed - Is your IComparer bogus?"); 
                        if (i > j) break;
                        if (i < j) { 
                            Object key = keys[i];
                            keys[i] = keys[j];
                            keys[j] = key;
                            if (items != null) { 
                                Object item = items[i];
                                items[i] = items[j]; 
                                items[j] = item; 
                            }
                        } 
                        i++;
                        j--;
                    } while (i <= j);
                    if (j - left <= right - i) { 
                        if (left < j) QuickSort(left, j);
                        left = i; 
                    } 
                    else {
                        if (i < right) QuickSort(i, right); 
                        right = j;
                    }
                } while (left < right);
            } 
        }
 
        // Private value used by the Sort methods for instances of Array. 
        // This is slower than the one for Object[], since we can't use the JIT helpers
        // to access the elements.  We must use GetValue & SetValue. 
        private struct SorterGenericArray
        {
            private Array keys;
            private Array items; 
            private IComparer comparer;
 
            internal SorterGenericArray(Array keys, Array items, IComparer comparer) { 
                if (comparer == null) comparer = Comparer.Default;
                this.keys = keys; 
                this.items = items;
                this.comparer = comparer;
            }
 
            internal void SwapIfGreaterWithItems(int a, int b) {
                if (a != b) { 
                    try { 
                        if (comparer.Compare(keys.GetValue(a), keys.GetValue(b)) > 0) {
                            Object key = keys.GetValue(a); 
                            keys.SetValue(keys.GetValue(b), a);
                            keys.SetValue(key, b);
                            if (items != null) {
                                Object item = items.GetValue(a); 
                                items.SetValue(items.GetValue(b), a);
                                items.SetValue(item, b); 
                            } 
                        }
                    } 
                    catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", keys.GetValue(b), keys.GetValue(b).GetType().Name, comparer));
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) { 
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e);
                    } 
                } 
            }
 
            internal void QuickSort(int left, int right) {
                // Must use slow Array accessors (GetValue & SetValue)
                do {
                    int i = left; 
                    int j = right;
 
                    // pre-sort the low, middle (pivot), and high values in place. 
                    // this improves performance in the face of already sorted data, or
                    // data that is made up of multiple sorted runs appended together. 
                    int middle = GetMedian(i, j);
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, middle); // swap the low with the mid point
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(i, j);      // swap the low with the high
                    SwapIfGreaterWithItems(middle, j); // swap the middle with the high 

                    Object x = keys.GetValue(middle); 
                    do { 
                        // Add a try block here to detect IComparers (or their
                        // underlying IComparables, etc) that are bogus. 
                        try {
                            while (comparer.Compare(keys.GetValue(i), x) < 0) i++;
                            while (comparer.Compare(x, keys.GetValue(j)) < 0) j--;
                        } 
                        catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_BogusIComparer", x, x.GetType().Name, comparer)); 
                        } 
                        catch (Exception e) {
                            throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_IComparerFailed"), e); 
                        }
                        Contract.Assert(i>=left && j<=right, "(i>=left && j<=right)  Sort failed - Is your IComparer bogus?");
                        if (i > j) break;
                        if (i < j) { 
                            Object key = keys.GetValue(i);
                            keys.SetValue(keys.GetValue(j), i); 
                            keys.SetValue(key, j); 
                            if (items != null) {
                                Object item = items.GetValue(i); 
                                items.SetValue(items.GetValue(j), i);
                                items.SetValue(item, j);
                            }
                        } 
                        if( i != Int32.MaxValue)  ++i;
                        if( j != Int32.MinValue)   --j; 
                    } while (i <= j); 
                    if (j - left <= right - i) {
                        if (left < j) QuickSort(left, j); 
                        left = i;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (i < right) QuickSort(i, right); 
                        right = j;
                    } 
                } while (left < right); 
            }
        } 

        [Serializable] private sealed class SZArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator, ICloneable
        {
            private Array _array; 
            private int _index;
            private int _endIndex; // cache array length, since it's a little slow. 
 
            internal SZArrayEnumerator(Array array) {
                Contract.Assert(array.Rank == 1 && array.GetLowerBound(0) == 0, "SZArrayEnumerator only works on single dimension arrays w/ a lower bound of zero."); 
                _array = array;
                _index = -1;
                _endIndex = array.Length;
            } 

            [System.Security.SecuritySafeCritical]  // auto-generated 
            public Object Clone() 
            {
                return MemberwiseClone(); 
            }

            public bool MoveNext() {
                if (_index < _endIndex) { 
                    _index++;
                    return (_index < _endIndex); 
                } 
                return false;
            } 

            public Object Current {
                get {
                    if (_index < 0) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted)); 
                    if (_index >= _endIndex) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded));
                    return _array.GetValue(_index); 
                } 
            }
 
            public void Reset() {
                _index = -1;
            }
        } 

        [Serializable] private sealed class ArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator, ICloneable 
        { 
            private Array array;
            private int index; 
            private int endIndex;
            private int startIndex;    // Save for Reset.
            private int[] _indices;    // The current position in a multidim array
            private bool _complete; 

            internal ArrayEnumerator(Array array, int index, int count) { 
                this.array = array; 
                this.index = index - 1;
                startIndex = index; 
                endIndex = index + count;
                _indices = new int[array.Rank];
                int checkForZero = 1;  // Check for dimensions of size 0.
                for(int i=0; i=0; dim--) { 
                    if (_indices[dim] > array.GetUpperBound(dim)) {
                        if (dim==0) { 
                            _complete = true;
                            break;
                        }
                        for(int j=dim; j,
    // IList, etc., etc. all the way up to IList. When the following call is
    // made:
    // 
    //   ((IList) (new U[n])).SomeIListMethod()
    // 
    // the interface stub dispatcher treats this as a special case, loads up SZArrayHelper, 
    // finds the corresponding generic method (matched simply by method name), instantiates
    // it for type  and executes it. 
    //
    // The "T" will reflect the interface used to invoke the method. The actual runtime "this" will be
    // array that is castable to "T[]" (i.e. for primitivs and valuetypes, it will be exactly
    // "T[]" - for orefs, it may be a "U[]" where U derives from T.) 
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    sealed class SZArrayHelper { 
        // It is never legal to instantiate this class. 
        private SZArrayHelper() {
            Contract.Assert(false, "Hey! How'd I get here?"); 
        }


        // ----------------------------------------------------------- 
        // ------- Implement IEnumerable interface methods --------
        // ------------------------------------------------------------ 
        internal IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            return new SZGenericArrayEnumerator(JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this));
        }

        // ----------------------------------------------------------- 
        // ------- Implement ICollection interface methods --------
        // ------------------------------------------------------------ 
        void CopyTo(T[] array, int index) { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 

            if (array != null && array.Rank != 1)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Rank_MultiDimNotSupported"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); 

            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            Array.Copy(_this, 0, array, index, _this.Length); 
        }
 
        internal int get_Count() {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole!
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            return _this.Length;
        } 
 
        // ------------------------------------------------------------
        // ---------- Implement IList interface methods ----------- 
        // -----------------------------------------------------------
        internal T get_Item(int index) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this);
            if ((uint)index >= (uint)_this.Length) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(); 
            }
 
            return _this[index];
        }

        internal void set_Item(int index, T value) { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            if ((uint)index >= (uint)_this.Length) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(); 
            }

            _this[index] = value;
        } 

        void Add(T value) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays. 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        } 

        bool Contains(T value) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this);
            return Array.IndexOf(_this, value) != -1; 
        } 

        bool get_IsReadOnly() { 
            return true;
        }

        void Clear() { 
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole! 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_ReadOnlyCollection")); 
        }
 
        int IndexOf(T value) {
            //! Warning: "this" is an array, not an SZArrayHelper. See comments above
            //! or you may introduce a security hole!
            T[] _this = JitHelpers.UnsafeCast(this); 
            return Array.IndexOf(_this, value);
        } 
 
        void Insert(int index, T value) {
            // Not meaningful for arrays 
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        }

        bool Remove(T value) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection")); 
        } 

        void RemoveAt(int index) { 
            // Not meaningful for arrays
            throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_FixedSizeCollection"));
        }
 
        // This is a normal generic Enumerator for SZ arrays. It doesn't have any of the "this" stuff
        // that SZArrayHelper does. 
        // 
        [Serializable] private sealed class SZGenericArrayEnumerator : IEnumerator {
            private T[] _array; 
            private int _index;
            private int _endIndex; // cache array length, since it's a little slow.

            internal SZGenericArrayEnumerator(T[] array) { 
                Contract.Assert(array.Rank == 1 && array.GetLowerBound(0) == 0, "SZArrayEnumerator only works on single dimension arrays w/ a lower bound of zero.");
                _array = array; 
                _index = -1; 
                _endIndex = array.Length;
            } 

            public bool MoveNext() {
                if (_index < _endIndex) {
                    _index++; 
                    return (_index < _endIndex);
                } 
                return false; 
            }
 
            public T Current {
                get {
                    if (_index < 0) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted));
                    if (_index >= _endIndex) throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded)); 
                    return _array[_index];
                } 
            } 

            object IEnumerator.Current { 
                get {
                    return Current;
                }
            } 

            void IEnumerator.Reset() { 
                _index = -1; 
            }
 
            public void Dispose()
            {
            }
        } 
    }
    /* 
    [ContractClassFor(typeof(Array))] 
    internal abstract class ArrayContracts : Array
    { 
        private ArrayContracts() { }

        public new int Rank
        { 
            [Pure]
            get 
            { 
                Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() >= 0);
                return default(int); 
            }
        }

        public new int Length 
        {
            [Pure] 
            get 
            {
                Contract.Ensures(0 <= Contract.Result()); 
                return default(int);
            }
        }
 
        // Copy
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, int length) 
        { 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
        }
 
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length); 
        }
 
        public new static void ConstrainedCopy(Array sourceArray, int sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, int destinationIndex, int length)
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        }

        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, long length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank);
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length);
            Contract.Requires(length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        }
 
        public new static void Copy(Array sourceArray, long sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, long destinationIndex, long length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray != null); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationArray != null);
            Contract.Requires(sourceArray.Rank == destinationArray.Rank); 
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex >= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex >= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(sourceIndex + length <= sourceArray.GetLowerBound(0) + sourceArray.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(destinationIndex + length <= destinationArray.GetLowerBound(0) + destinationArray.Length);
        } 
 
        public new static void Clear(Array array, int index, int length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0));  // No precondition on the rank.  But index >= the first dimension's lower bounds.
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(array.Length - (index + array.GetLowerBound(0)) >= length); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(long index) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0));

            return default(Object); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(int index) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0));

            return default(Object); 
        }
 
        public new Object GetValue(int[] indices) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(indices != null); 

            return default(Object);
        }
 
        public new void SetValue(Object value, int index)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(this.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= this.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index <= this.GetUpperBound(0)); 
        }

        [Pure]
        public new int GetUpperBound(int dimension) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(dimension >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(dimension <= this.Rank); 
            return default(int);
        } 

        [Pure]
        public new int GetLowerBound(int dimension)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(dimension >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(dimension <= this.Rank); 
            return default(int); 
        }
 
        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length, System.Collections.IComparer comparer)
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= keys.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(keys.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= keys.Length); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || index + length <= items.Length);
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length, System.Collections.IComparer comparer) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(array != null); 
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(array.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= array.Length);
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, System.Collections.IComparer comparer) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null); 
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0)); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, System.Collections.IComparer comparer)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
        } 

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items, int index, int length) 
        {
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1);
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0));
            Contract.Requires(index >= keys.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0); 
            Contract.Requires(keys.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= keys.Length);
            Contract.Requires(items == null || index + length <= items.Length); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array array, int index, int length)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(array != null);
            // Contract.Requires(array.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(index >= array.GetLowerBound(0)); 
            Contract.Requires(length >= 0);
            Contract.Requires(array.GetLowerBound(0) + index + length <= array.Length); 
        }

        public new static void Sort(Array keys, Array items)
        { 
            Contract.Requires(keys != null);
            // Contract.Requires(keys.Rank == 1); 
            // Contract.Requires(items == null || items.Rank == 1); 
            Contract.Requires(items == null || keys.GetLowerBound(0) == items.GetLowerBound(0));
        } 
    }
     */
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

                        

                        

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