StringBuilder.cs source code in C# .NET

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Code:

/ Net / Net / 3.5.50727.3053 / DEVDIV / depot / DevDiv / releases / whidbey / netfxsp / ndp / clr / src / BCL / System / Text / StringBuilder.cs / 1 / StringBuilder.cs

                            // ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
/*============================================================
** 
** Class:  StringBuilder 
**
** 
** Purpose: implementation of the StringBuilder
** class.
**
===========================================================*/ 
namespace System.Text {
    using System.Text; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization; 
    using System;
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 
    using System.Threading;
    using System.Globalization;

    // This class represents a mutable string.  It is convenient for situations in 
    // which it is desirable to modify a string, perhaps by removing, replacing, or
    // inserting characters, without creating a new String subsequent to 
    // each modification. 
    //
    // The methods contained within this class do not return a new StringBuilder 
    // object unless specified otherwise.  This class may be used in conjunction with the String
    // class to carry out modifications upon strings.
    //
    // When passing null into a constructor in VJ and VC, the null 
    // should be explicitly type cast.
    // For Example: 
    // StringBuilder sb1 = new StringBuilder((StringBuilder)null); 
    // StringBuilder sb2 = new StringBuilder((String)null);
    // Console.WriteLine(sb1); 
    // Console.WriteLine(sb2);
    //
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
    [Serializable()] public sealed class StringBuilder : ISerializable { 

 
        // 
        //
        //  CLASS VARIABLES 
        //
        //
        internal IntPtr m_currentThread = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread();
        internal int m_MaxCapacity = 0; 
        //
        // making m_StringValue volatile to guarantee reading order in some places. 
        // 
        internal volatile String m_StringValue = null;
 

        //
        //
        // STATIC CONSTANTS 
        //
        // 
        internal const int DefaultCapacity = 16; 
        private const String CapacityField = "Capacity";
        private const String MaxCapacityField = "m_MaxCapacity"; 
        private const String StringValueField = "m_StringValue";
        private const String ThreadIDField = "m_currentThread";

        // 
        //
        //CONSTRUCTORS 
        // 
        //
 
        // Creates a new empty string builder (i.e., it represents String.Empty)
        // with the default capacity (16 characters).
        public StringBuilder()
            : this(DefaultCapacity) { 
        }
 
        // Create a new empty string builder (i.e., it represents String.Empty) 
        // with the specified capacity.
        public StringBuilder(int capacity) 
            : this(String.Empty,capacity){
        }

 
        // Creates a new string builder from the specified string.  If value
        // is a null String (i.e., if it represents String.NullString) 
        // then the new string builder will also be null (i.e., it will also represent 
        //  String.NullString).
        // 
        public StringBuilder(String value)
            : this(value,DefaultCapacity){
        }
 
        // Creates a new string builder from the specified string with the specified
        // capacity.  If value is a null String (i.e., if it represents 
        // String.NullString) then the new string builder will also be null 
        // (i.e., it will also represent String.NullString).
        // The maximum number of characters this string may contain is set by capacity. 
        //
        public StringBuilder(String value, int capacity)
            : this(value, 0, ((value != null)?value.Length:0),capacity){
        } 

        // Creates a new string builder from the specifed substring with the specified 
        // capacity.  The maximum number of characters is set by capacity. 
        //
 
        public StringBuilder(String value, int startIndex, int length, int capacity) {
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity",
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBePositive"), "capacity")); 
            }
            if (length<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", 
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBeNonNegNum"), "length"));
            } 

            if (startIndex<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
            } 

            if (value == null) { 
                value = String.Empty; 
            }
 
            if (startIndex > value.Length - length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexLength"));
            }
 
            m_MaxCapacity = Int32.MaxValue;
 
            if (capacity == 0) { 
                capacity = DefaultCapacity;
            } 

            while (capacity < length) {
                capacity *= 2;
                // If we overflow, we should just use length as capacity. 
                // There is no reason we should throw an exception in this case if the system is able
                // to allocate the string. 
                if(capacity < 0 ) { 
                    capacity = length;
                    break; 
                }
            }

            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(value, startIndex, length, capacity); 
        }
 
        // Creates an empty StringBuilder with a minimum capacity of capacity 
        // and a maximum capacity of maxCapacity.
        public StringBuilder(int capacity, int maxCapacity) { 
            if (capacity>maxCapacity) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Capacity"));
            }
            if (maxCapacity<1) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("maxCapacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallMaxCapacity"));
            } 
 
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", 
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBePositive"), "capacity"));
            }
            if (capacity == 0) {
                capacity = Math.Min(DefaultCapacity, maxCapacity); 
            }
 
            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(String.Empty, capacity); 
            m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
 
        }

        private StringBuilder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            if (info==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
 
            int persistedCapacity = 0; 
            string persistedString = null;
            int persistedMaxCapacity = Int32.MaxValue; 
            bool capacityPresent = false;

            // Get the data
            SerializationInfoEnumerator enumerator = info.GetEnumerator(); 
            while( enumerator.MoveNext()) {
                switch( enumerator.Name) { 
                    case MaxCapacityField: 
                        persistedMaxCapacity = info.GetInt32(MaxCapacityField);
                        break; 
                    case StringValueField:
                        persistedString = info.GetString(StringValueField);
                        break;
                    case CapacityField: 
                        persistedCapacity = info.GetInt32(CapacityField) ;
                        capacityPresent = true; 
                        break; 
                    default:
                        // Note: deliberately ignore "m_currentThread" which earlier 
                        // verisions incorrectly persisted.
                        // Ignore other fields for forward compatability.
                        break;
                } 

            } 
 
            // Check values and set defaults
            if (persistedString == null) { 
                persistedString = String.Empty;
            }
            if (persistedMaxCapacity < 1 || persistedString.Length > persistedMaxCapacity) {
                throw new SerializationException(Environment.GetResourceString("Serialization_StringBuilderMaxCapacity")); 
            }
 
            if (!capacityPresent) { 
                // StringBuilder in V1.X did not persist the Capacity, so this is a valid legacy code path.
                persistedCapacity = DefaultCapacity; 
                if (persistedCapacity < persistedString.Length) {
                    persistedCapacity = persistedString.Length;
                }
                if (persistedCapacity > persistedMaxCapacity) { 
                    persistedCapacity = persistedMaxCapacity;
                } 
            } 
            if (persistedCapacity < 0 ||  persistedCapacity < persistedString.Length || persistedCapacity > persistedMaxCapacity) {
                throw new SerializationException(Environment.GetResourceString("Serialization_StringBuilderCapacity")); 
            }

            // Assign
            m_MaxCapacity = persistedMaxCapacity; 
            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(persistedString, 0, persistedString.Length, persistedCapacity);
            VerifyClassInvariant(); 
        } 

        void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { 
            if (info==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
            }
 
            VerifyClassInvariant();
 
            info.AddValue(MaxCapacityField, m_MaxCapacity); 
            info.AddValue(CapacityField, Capacity);
            info.AddValue(StringValueField, m_StringValue); 
            // Note: persist "m_currentThread" to be compatible with old versions
            info.AddValue(ThreadIDField, 0);
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.Conditional("_DEBUG")]
        private void VerifyClassInvariant() { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(m_MaxCapacity >= 1, "Invalid StringBuilder"); 
            BCLDebug.Assert(Capacity >= 0 && Capacity <= m_MaxCapacity, "Invalid StringBuilder");
            BCLDebug.Assert(m_StringValue != null && Capacity >= m_StringValue.Length, "Invalid StringBuilder"); 
        }

        private String GetThreadSafeString(out IntPtr tid) {
            // Following two reads (m_StringValue, m_currentThread) needs to happen in order. 
            // This is guaranteed by making the fields volatile.
            // See ReplaceString method for details. 
 
             String temp = m_StringValue;
             tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread(); 
             if (m_currentThread == tid)
                return temp;
             return String.GetStringForStringBuilder(temp, temp.Capacity);
        } 

         public int Capacity { 
             get {return m_StringValue.Capacity;} //-1 to account for terminating null. 
             set {
                IntPtr tid; 
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);

                if (value < 0) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCapacity")); 
                }
 
                if (value < currentString.Length) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity"));
                } 

                if (value > MaxCapacity) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Capacity"));
                } 

                int currCapacity = currentString.Capacity; 
                //If we already have the correct capacity, bail out early. 
                if (value != currCapacity) {
                    //Allocate a new String with the capacity and copy all of our old characters 
                    //into it.  We've already guaranteed that our String will fit within that capacity.
                    //We don't need to worry about the COW bit because we're always allocating a new String.
                    String newString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder( currentString, value);
                    ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
                }
            } 
        } 

        public int MaxCapacity { 
            get { return m_MaxCapacity; }

        }
 
        // Read-Only Property
        // Ensures that the capacity of this string builder is at least the specified value. 
        // If capacity is greater than the capacity of this string builder, then the capacity 
        // is set to capacity; otherwise the capacity is unchanged.
        // 
        public int EnsureCapacity(int capacity) {
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedPosCapacity"));
            } 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

            //If we need more space or the COW bit is set, copy the buffer. 
            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,capacity)) {
                return currentString.Capacity;
            }
 
            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,capacity);
            ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            return newString.Capacity; 
        }
 
        public override String ToString() {
            //
            // We assume that their read of m_currentThread will always occur after read of m_StringValue.
            // If these reads get re-ordered then it is possible to get a currentString owned by some other 
            // (mutating) thread and yet think, according to currentThread, that such was not the case.
            // This is acheived by marking m_StringValue as volatile. 
            // 
            String currentString =  m_StringValue;
            IntPtr currentThread = m_currentThread; 

            //
            // Note calling ToString the second time or from a different thread will cause allocation of a new string.
            // If we do not make a copy if currentThread is IntPtr.Zero, we will have following ----: 
            //
            // (1) Thread T1 completes a mutation of the string and will become the owner. 
            // T1 then starts another mutation operation and 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (2) Thread T2 starts a ToString operation.  T2 reads m_StringValue into its local currentString variable. 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (3) Thread T3 finshes a mutation of the string in the StringBuilder , performing the ReplaceString call.
            // Thread T3 then starts a ToString operation.  Assuming the string is not wasting excessive space,
            // T3 will proceeds to call ClearPostNullChar, registers NOBODY as the owner, and returns the string. 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (4) Thread T2 resumes execution.  T2 reads m_currentThread and sees that NOBODY is the registered owner 
            //  Assuming its currentString is not wasting excessive space, T2 will return the same string that thread T1 is 
            //  in the middle of mutating.
            // 
            if (currentThread != Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread()) {
                return String.InternalCopy(currentString);
            }
 
            if ((2 *  currentString.Length) <  currentString.ArrayLength) {
                return String.InternalCopy(currentString); 
            } 

            currentString.ClearPostNullChar(); 
            m_currentThread = IntPtr.Zero;
            return  currentString;
        }
 
        // Converts a substring of this string builder to a String.
        public String ToString(int startIndex, int length) { 
            // We here enforce the policy copying underlying String data in all cases, since StringBuilder 
            // uses the the internal m_StringValue reference mutably.
            return m_StringValue.InternalSubStringWithChecks(startIndex, length, true); 
        }

        // Sets the length of the String in this buffer.  If length is less than the current
        // instance, the StringBuilder is truncated.  If length is greater than the current 
        // instance, nulls are appended.  The capacity is adjusted to be the same as the length.
 
        public int Length { 
            get {
               return  m_StringValue.Length; 
            }
            set {
                IntPtr tid;
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

                if (value==0) { //the user is trying to clear the string 
                     currentString.SetLength(0); 
                     ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                     return; 
                }

                int currentLength = currentString.Length;
                int newlength = value; 
                //If our length is less than 0 or greater than our Maximum capacity, bail.
                if (newlength<0) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newlength", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeLength")); 
                }
 
                if (newlength>MaxCapacity) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity"));
                }
 
                //Jump out early if our requested length our currentlength.
                //This will be a pretty rare branch. 
                if (newlength == currentLength) { 
                    return;
                } 


                //If the StringBuilder has never been converted to a string, simply set the length
                //without allocating a new string. 
                if (newlength <= currentString.Capacity) {
                    if (newlength > currentLength) { 
                        for (int i = currentLength ; i < newlength; i++) // This is a rare case anyway. 
                            currentString.InternalSetCharNoBoundsCheck(i,'\0');
                    } 

                    currentString.InternalSetCharNoBoundsCheck(newlength,'\0'); //Null terminate.
                    currentString.SetLength(newlength);
                    ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 

                    return; 
                } 

                // CopyOnWrite set we need to allocate a String 
                int newCapacity = (newlength>currentString.Capacity)?newlength:currentString.Capacity;
                String newString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, newCapacity);

                //We know exactly how many characters we need, so embed that knowledge in the String. 
                newString.SetLength(newlength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IndexerName("Chars")]
        public char this[int index] {
            get {
                return  m_StringValue[index]; 
            }
            set { 
                IntPtr tid; 
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
                currentString.SetChar(index, value); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            }
        }
 
        // Appends a character at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(char value, int repeatCount) { 
            if (repeatCount==0) { 
                return this;
            } 
            if (repeatCount<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("repeatCount", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCount"));
            }
 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

            int currentLength = currentString.Length; 
            int requiredLength = currentLength + repeatCount;

            if (requiredLength < 0)
                throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 

            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, repeatCount,currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                return this; 
            }

            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
            newString.AppendInPlace(value, repeatCount,currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            return this; 
        } 

        // Appends an array of characters at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char[] value, int startIndex, int charCount) {
            int requiredLength;

            if (value==null) { 
                if (startIndex==0 && charCount==0) {
                    return this; 
                } 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
            } 

            if (charCount==0) {
                return this;
            } 

            if (startIndex<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive")); 
            }
            if (charCount<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive"));
            }
            if (charCount>value.Length-startIndex) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            }
 
            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            requiredLength = currentLength + charCount;
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) {
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, charCount,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, charCount,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }

            return this;
        } 

        // Appends a copy of this string at the end of this string builder. 
        public StringBuilder Append(String value) { 
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null
            //and return. 
            if (value==null) {
                return this;
            }
 
            IntPtr tid;
            // hand inlining of GetThreadSafeString 
            String currentString = m_StringValue; 
            tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread();
            if (m_currentThread != tid) 
                currentString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, currentString.Capacity);

            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            int requiredLength = currentLength + value.Length;
 
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                newString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }
 
            return this; 
        }
 
        internal unsafe StringBuilder Append(char *value, int count) {
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null
            //and return.
            if (value==null) { 
                return this;
            } 
 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;

            int requiredLength = currentLength + count; 

            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, count,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,count,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            } 

            return this; 
        } 

#if WIN64   // STUBS_AS_IL 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal unsafe extern void ReplaceBufferInternal(char* newBuffer, int newLength);

        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        internal unsafe extern void ReplaceBufferAnsiInternal(sbyte* newBuffer, int newLength);
#endif // WIN64 // STUBS_AS_IL 
 
        private bool NeedsAllocation(String currentString,int requiredLength) {
            //<= accounts for the terminating 0 which we require on strings. 
            return (currentString.ArrayLength<=requiredLength);
        }

        private String GetNewString(String currentString, int requiredLength) { 
            int newCapacity;
            int maxCapacity = m_MaxCapacity; 
 
            if (requiredLength < 0) {
                throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 
            }

            if (requiredLength >  maxCapacity) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("requiredLength", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity")); 
            }
 
            newCapacity = ( currentString.Capacity)*2; // To force a predicatable growth of 160,320 etc. for testing purposes 

            if (newCapacity maxCapacity) { 
                newCapacity =  maxCapacity;
            } 
 
            if (newCapacity<=0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newCapacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCapacity")); 
            }

            return String.GetStringForStringBuilder( currentString, newCapacity);
        } 

        private void ReplaceString(IntPtr tid, String value) { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(value!=null, "[StringBuilder.ReplaceString]value!=null"); 

            // Following two writes (m_currentThread, m_StringValue) needs to happen in order. 
            // This is guaranteed by making the fields volatile.
            //
            // If two threads are modifying the same StringBuilder at the same time,
            // we don't want them to use the same StringValue. This is done by comparing 
            // owner thread id against current thread id in GetThreadSafeString.
            // Here we need to guarantee the ordering of writes to make sure if the another thread 
            // see the change we have done to m_StringValue, it will see the change to m_currentThread as well. 
            //
            m_currentThread = tid; // new owner 
            m_StringValue = value;
        }

        // Appends a copy of the characters in value from startIndex to startIndex + 
        // count at the end of this string builder.
        public StringBuilder Append (String value, int startIndex, int count) { 
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null 
            //and return.
            if (value==null) { 
                if (startIndex==0 && count==0) {
                    return this;
                }
                throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 
            }
 
            if (count<=0) { 
                if (count==0) {
                    return this; 
                }
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive"));
            }
 
            if (startIndex<0 || (startIndex>value.Length - count)) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            } 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;

            int requiredLength = currentLength + count; 

            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, count, currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, count, currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            } 

            return this; 
        } 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public StringBuilder AppendLine() {
            return Append(Environment.NewLine);
        }
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public StringBuilder AppendLine( string value ) { 
            Append(value); 
            return Append(Environment.NewLine);
        } 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public void CopyTo ( int sourceIndex, char[] destination, int destinationIndex, int count) {
            if (destination == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("destination");
            } 
 
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NegativeArgCount"), "count"); 
            }

            if (destinationIndex < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException( 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBeNonNegNum","destinationIndex"), "destinationIndex");
            } 
 
            if (destinationIndex > destination.Length - count) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_OffsetOut")); 
            }

            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            if (sourceIndex < 0 || sourceIndex > currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (sourceIndex > currentLength - count) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_LongerThanSrcString"));
            } 

            // following fixed statement will throw exception for empty array. 
            if( count == 0) { 
                return;
            } 

            unsafe {
                fixed( char* dest = &destination[destinationIndex], tsrc= currentString) {
                    char* src = tsrc + sourceIndex; 
                    Buffer.memcpyimpl((byte*) src, (byte*) dest, count * 2 );
                } 
            } 
        }
 
        // Inserts multiple copies of a string into this string builder at the specified position.
        // Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, this
        // string builder is not changed. 
        //
        public unsafe StringBuilder Insert(int index, String value, int count) { 
              IntPtr tid; 
              String currentString = GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
              int currentLength = currentString.Length; 

              //Range check the index.
              if (index < 0 || index > currentLength) {
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index",Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
              }
 
              if (count < 0) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
              } 

              //If value is null, empty or count is 0, do nothing. This is ECMA standard.
              if (value == null || value.Length == 0 || count == 0) {
                  return this; 
              }
 
              //Calculate the new length, ensure that we have the space and set the space variable for this buffer 
              int requiredLength;
              try { 
                  requiredLength = checked(currentLength + (value.Length * count));
              }
              catch (OverflowException) {
                  throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 
              }
 
              if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                   String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                   newString.InsertInPlace(index, value, count, currentLength, requiredLength); 
                   ReplaceString(tid,newString);
              }
              else {
                   currentString.InsertInPlace(index, value, count, currentLength, requiredLength); 
                   ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
              } 
              return this; 
         }
 


        // Property.
        // Removes the specified characters from this string builder. 
        // The length of this string builder is reduced by
        // length, but the capacity is unaffected. 
        // 
        public StringBuilder Remove(int startIndex, int length)
        { 
              IntPtr tid;
              String currentString = GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
              int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
              if (length<0) {
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeLength")); 
              } 

              if (startIndex<0) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
              }

              if (length > currentLength - startIndex) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
              } 
 
              currentString.RemoveInPlace(startIndex, length, currentLength);
              ReplaceString(tid, currentString); 

              return this;
        }
 

        // 
        // 
        // PUBLIC INSTANCE FUNCTIONS
        // 
        //

        /*====================================Append====================================
        ** 
        ==============================================================================*/
        // Appends a boolean to the end of this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(bool value) {
            return Append(value.ToString()); 
        }

        // Appends an sbyte to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(sbyte value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends a ubyte to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(byte value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends a character at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char value) {
            IntPtr tid; 

            // hand inlining of GetThreadSafeString
            String currentString = m_StringValue;
            tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread(); 
            if (m_currentThread != tid)
                currentString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, currentString.Capacity); 
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,currentLength+1)) { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                return this;
            } 

            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,currentLength+1); 
            newString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            return this; 
        }

        // Appends a short to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(short value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        } 

        // Appends an int to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(int value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        // Appends a long to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(long value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }

        // Appends a float to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(float value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        } 

        // Appends a double to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(double value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        public StringBuilder Append(decimal value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends an ushort to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(ushort value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 
 
        // Appends an uint to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(uint value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        // Appends an unsigned long to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 

         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Append(ulong value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        }
 
        // Appends an Object to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(Object value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                //Appending null is now a no-op. 
                return this;
            }
            return Append(value.ToString());
        } 

        // Appends all of the characters in value to the current instance. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char[] value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                return this; 
            }

            int valueLength = value.Length;
 
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            int requiredLength = currentLength + value.Length; 
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) {
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, 0, valueLength,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, 0, valueLength, currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }
            return this; 
        }

        /*====================================Insert====================================
        ** 
        ==============================================================================*/
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, String value) {
            if (value == null) // This is to do the index validation 
                return Insert(index,value,0);
            else 
                return Insert(index,value,1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed. 
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert( int index, bool value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed. 
        //
         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, sbyte value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, byte value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, short value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, char value) { 
            return Insert(index,Char.ToString(value),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, char[] value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                return Insert(index, value, 0, 0); 
            }
            return Insert(index, value, 0, value.Length);
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with charCount characters from
        // value inserted into the buffer at index.  Existing characters are shifted 
        // to make room for the new text and capacity is adjusted as required.  If value is null, the StringBuilder 
        // is unchanged.  Characters are taken from value starting at position startIndex.
        public StringBuilder Insert (int index, char [] value, int startIndex, int charCount) 
        {
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length; 

            //Range check the index. 
            if (index < 0 || index > currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            //If they passed in a null char array, just jump out quickly.
            if (value == null) {
                if (startIndex == 0 && charCount == 0) 
                {
                    return this; 
                } 
                throw new ArgumentNullException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_String"));
            } 


            //Range check the array.
            if (startIndex < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
            } 
 
            if (charCount < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive")); 
            }

            if (startIndex > value.Length - charCount) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            }
 
            if(charCount == 0) { 
                // There is no data to insert, so just return.
                return this; 
            }

            int requiredLength = currentLength + charCount;
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
               String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
               newString.InsertInPlace(index, value, startIndex, charCount, currentLength, requiredLength); 
               ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            }
            else { 
               currentString.InsertInPlace(index, value, startIndex, charCount, currentLength, requiredLength);
               ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            }
            return this; 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, int value){
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, long value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, float value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, double value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 
 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, decimal value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, ushort value) {
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }


        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, uint value) { 
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture), 1);
        }

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, ulong value) { 
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture), 1);
        }

        // Returns a reference to this string builder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the
        // new text.  The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed. No changes are made if value is null. 
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, Object value) { 
            //If we get a null
            if (null==value) {
                return this;
            } 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(),1);
        } 
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0) {
            return AppendFormat( null,format, new Object[] {arg0}); 
        }

        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0, Object arg1) {
            return AppendFormat(null, format, new Object[] {arg0, arg1}); 
        }
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0, Object arg1, Object arg2) { 
            return AppendFormat(null, format, new Object[] {arg0, arg1, arg2});
        } 

        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, params Object[] args) {
            return AppendFormat(null, format, args);
        } 

        private static void FormatError() { 
            throw new FormatException(Environment.GetResourceString("Format_InvalidString")); 
        }
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(IFormatProvider provider, String format, params Object[] args) {
            if (format == null || args == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException((format==null)?"format":"args");
            } 
            char[] chars = format.ToCharArray(0, format.Length);
            int pos = 0; 
            int len = chars.Length; 
            char ch = '\x0';
 
            ICustomFormatter cf = null;
            if (provider!=null) {
                   cf=(ICustomFormatter)provider.GetFormat(typeof(ICustomFormatter));
                } 

            while (true) { 
                int p = pos; 
                int i = pos;
                while (pos < len) { 
                    ch = chars[pos];

                    pos++;
                    if (ch == '}') 
                    {
                        if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='}') // Treat as escape character for }} 
                            pos++; 
                        else
                            FormatError(); 
                    }

                    if (ch == '{')
                    { 
                        if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='{') // Treat as escape character for {{
                            pos++; 
                        else 
                        {
                            pos--; 
                            break;
                        }
                    }
 
                    chars[i++] = ch;
                } 
                if (i > p) Append(chars, p, i - p); 
                if (pos == len) break;
                pos++; 
                if (pos == len || (ch = chars[pos]) < '0' || ch > '9') FormatError();
                int index = 0;
                do {
                    index = index * 10 + ch - '0'; 
                    pos++;
                    if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                    ch = chars[pos]; 
                } while (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' && index < 1000000);
                if (index >= args.Length) throw new FormatException(Environment.GetResourceString("Format_IndexOutOfRange")); 
                while (pos < len && (ch=chars[pos]) == ' ') pos++;
                bool leftJustify = false;
                int width = 0;
                if (ch == ',') { 
                    pos++;
                    while (pos < len && chars[pos] == ' ') pos++; 
 
                    if (pos == len) FormatError();
                    ch = chars[pos]; 
                    if (ch == '-') {
                        leftJustify = true;
                        pos++;
                        if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                        ch = chars[pos];
                    } 
                    if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') FormatError(); 
                    do {
                        width = width * 10 + ch - '0'; 
                        pos++;
                        if (pos == len) FormatError();
                        ch = chars[pos];
                    } while (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' && width < 1000000); 
                }
 
                while (pos < len && (ch=chars[pos]) == ' ') pos++; 
                Object arg = args[index];
                String fmt = null; 
                if (ch == ':') {
                    pos++;
                    p = pos;
                    i = pos; 
                    while (true) {
                        if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                        ch = chars[pos]; 
                        pos++;
                        if (ch == '{') 
                        {
                            if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='{')  // Treat as escape character for {{
                                pos++;
                            else 
                                FormatError();
                        } 
                        else if (ch == '}') 
                        {
                            if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='}')  // Treat as escape character for }} 
                                pos++;
                            else
                            {
                                pos--; 
                                break;
                            } 
                        } 

                        chars[i++] = ch; 
                    }
                    if (i > p) fmt = new String(chars, p, i - p);
                }
                if (ch != '}') FormatError(); 
                pos++;
                String s = null; 
                if (cf != null) { 
                    s = cf.Format(fmt, arg, provider);
                } 

                if (s==null) {
                    if (arg is IFormattable) {
                        s = ((IFormattable)arg).ToString(fmt, provider); 
                    } else if (arg != null) {
                        s = arg.ToString(); 
                    } 
                }
 
                if (s == null) s = String.Empty;
                int pad = width - s.Length;
                if (!leftJustify && pad > 0) Append(' ', pad);
                Append(s); 
                if (leftJustify && pad > 0) Append(' ', pad);
            } 
            return this; 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the current StringBuilder with all instances of oldString
        // replaced with newString.  If startIndex and count are specified,
        // we only replace strings completely contained in the range of startIndex to startIndex +
        // count.  The strings to be replaced are checked on an ordinal basis (e.g. not culture aware).  If 
        // newValue is null, instances of oldValue are removed (e.g. replaced with nothing.).
        // 
        public StringBuilder Replace(String oldValue, String newValue) { 
            return Replace(oldValue, newValue, 0, Length);
        } 

        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        public extern StringBuilder Replace (String oldValue, String newValue, int startIndex, int count);
 
        public bool Equals(StringBuilder sb)
        { 
            if (sb == null) 
                return false;
            return ((this.Capacity == sb.Capacity) && (this.MaxCapacity == sb.MaxCapacity) && (this. m_StringValue.Equals(sb. m_StringValue))); 
        }

        // Returns a StringBuilder with all instances of oldChar replaced with
        // newChar.  The size of the StringBuilder is unchanged because we're only 
        // replacing characters.  If startIndex and count are specified, we
        // only replace characters in the range from startIndex to startIndex+count 
        // 
        public StringBuilder Replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
            return Replace(oldChar, newChar, 0, Length); 
        }
        public StringBuilder Replace (char oldChar, char newChar, int startIndex, int count) {
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            if ((uint)startIndex > (uint)currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (count<0 || startIndex > currentLength-count) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            BCLDebug.Assert(!NeedsAllocation(currentString,currentLength), "New allocation should not happen!"); 
            currentString.ReplaceCharInPlace(oldChar, newChar, startIndex, count, currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            return this; 
        }
    }
}
 

 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
/*============================================================
** 
** Class:  StringBuilder 
**
** 
** Purpose: implementation of the StringBuilder
** class.
**
===========================================================*/ 
namespace System.Text {
    using System.Text; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization; 
    using System;
    using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 
    using System.Threading;
    using System.Globalization;

    // This class represents a mutable string.  It is convenient for situations in 
    // which it is desirable to modify a string, perhaps by removing, replacing, or
    // inserting characters, without creating a new String subsequent to 
    // each modification. 
    //
    // The methods contained within this class do not return a new StringBuilder 
    // object unless specified otherwise.  This class may be used in conjunction with the String
    // class to carry out modifications upon strings.
    //
    // When passing null into a constructor in VJ and VC, the null 
    // should be explicitly type cast.
    // For Example: 
    // StringBuilder sb1 = new StringBuilder((StringBuilder)null); 
    // StringBuilder sb2 = new StringBuilder((String)null);
    // Console.WriteLine(sb1); 
    // Console.WriteLine(sb2);
    //
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
    [Serializable()] public sealed class StringBuilder : ISerializable { 

 
        // 
        //
        //  CLASS VARIABLES 
        //
        //
        internal IntPtr m_currentThread = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread();
        internal int m_MaxCapacity = 0; 
        //
        // making m_StringValue volatile to guarantee reading order in some places. 
        // 
        internal volatile String m_StringValue = null;
 

        //
        //
        // STATIC CONSTANTS 
        //
        // 
        internal const int DefaultCapacity = 16; 
        private const String CapacityField = "Capacity";
        private const String MaxCapacityField = "m_MaxCapacity"; 
        private const String StringValueField = "m_StringValue";
        private const String ThreadIDField = "m_currentThread";

        // 
        //
        //CONSTRUCTORS 
        // 
        //
 
        // Creates a new empty string builder (i.e., it represents String.Empty)
        // with the default capacity (16 characters).
        public StringBuilder()
            : this(DefaultCapacity) { 
        }
 
        // Create a new empty string builder (i.e., it represents String.Empty) 
        // with the specified capacity.
        public StringBuilder(int capacity) 
            : this(String.Empty,capacity){
        }

 
        // Creates a new string builder from the specified string.  If value
        // is a null String (i.e., if it represents String.NullString) 
        // then the new string builder will also be null (i.e., it will also represent 
        //  String.NullString).
        // 
        public StringBuilder(String value)
            : this(value,DefaultCapacity){
        }
 
        // Creates a new string builder from the specified string with the specified
        // capacity.  If value is a null String (i.e., if it represents 
        // String.NullString) then the new string builder will also be null 
        // (i.e., it will also represent String.NullString).
        // The maximum number of characters this string may contain is set by capacity. 
        //
        public StringBuilder(String value, int capacity)
            : this(value, 0, ((value != null)?value.Length:0),capacity){
        } 

        // Creates a new string builder from the specifed substring with the specified 
        // capacity.  The maximum number of characters is set by capacity. 
        //
 
        public StringBuilder(String value, int startIndex, int length, int capacity) {
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity",
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBePositive"), "capacity")); 
            }
            if (length<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", 
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBeNonNegNum"), "length"));
            } 

            if (startIndex<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
            } 

            if (value == null) { 
                value = String.Empty; 
            }
 
            if (startIndex > value.Length - length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexLength"));
            }
 
            m_MaxCapacity = Int32.MaxValue;
 
            if (capacity == 0) { 
                capacity = DefaultCapacity;
            } 

            while (capacity < length) {
                capacity *= 2;
                // If we overflow, we should just use length as capacity. 
                // There is no reason we should throw an exception in this case if the system is able
                // to allocate the string. 
                if(capacity < 0 ) { 
                    capacity = length;
                    break; 
                }
            }

            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(value, startIndex, length, capacity); 
        }
 
        // Creates an empty StringBuilder with a minimum capacity of capacity 
        // and a maximum capacity of maxCapacity.
        public StringBuilder(int capacity, int maxCapacity) { 
            if (capacity>maxCapacity) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Capacity"));
            }
            if (maxCapacity<1) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("maxCapacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallMaxCapacity"));
            } 
 
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", 
                                                      String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBePositive"), "capacity"));
            }
            if (capacity == 0) {
                capacity = Math.Min(DefaultCapacity, maxCapacity); 
            }
 
            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(String.Empty, capacity); 
            m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
 
        }

        private StringBuilder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            if (info==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
 
            int persistedCapacity = 0; 
            string persistedString = null;
            int persistedMaxCapacity = Int32.MaxValue; 
            bool capacityPresent = false;

            // Get the data
            SerializationInfoEnumerator enumerator = info.GetEnumerator(); 
            while( enumerator.MoveNext()) {
                switch( enumerator.Name) { 
                    case MaxCapacityField: 
                        persistedMaxCapacity = info.GetInt32(MaxCapacityField);
                        break; 
                    case StringValueField:
                        persistedString = info.GetString(StringValueField);
                        break;
                    case CapacityField: 
                        persistedCapacity = info.GetInt32(CapacityField) ;
                        capacityPresent = true; 
                        break; 
                    default:
                        // Note: deliberately ignore "m_currentThread" which earlier 
                        // verisions incorrectly persisted.
                        // Ignore other fields for forward compatability.
                        break;
                } 

            } 
 
            // Check values and set defaults
            if (persistedString == null) { 
                persistedString = String.Empty;
            }
            if (persistedMaxCapacity < 1 || persistedString.Length > persistedMaxCapacity) {
                throw new SerializationException(Environment.GetResourceString("Serialization_StringBuilderMaxCapacity")); 
            }
 
            if (!capacityPresent) { 
                // StringBuilder in V1.X did not persist the Capacity, so this is a valid legacy code path.
                persistedCapacity = DefaultCapacity; 
                if (persistedCapacity < persistedString.Length) {
                    persistedCapacity = persistedString.Length;
                }
                if (persistedCapacity > persistedMaxCapacity) { 
                    persistedCapacity = persistedMaxCapacity;
                } 
            } 
            if (persistedCapacity < 0 ||  persistedCapacity < persistedString.Length || persistedCapacity > persistedMaxCapacity) {
                throw new SerializationException(Environment.GetResourceString("Serialization_StringBuilderCapacity")); 
            }

            // Assign
            m_MaxCapacity = persistedMaxCapacity; 
            m_StringValue = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(persistedString, 0, persistedString.Length, persistedCapacity);
            VerifyClassInvariant(); 
        } 

        void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { 
            if (info==null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
            }
 
            VerifyClassInvariant();
 
            info.AddValue(MaxCapacityField, m_MaxCapacity); 
            info.AddValue(CapacityField, Capacity);
            info.AddValue(StringValueField, m_StringValue); 
            // Note: persist "m_currentThread" to be compatible with old versions
            info.AddValue(ThreadIDField, 0);
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.Conditional("_DEBUG")]
        private void VerifyClassInvariant() { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(m_MaxCapacity >= 1, "Invalid StringBuilder"); 
            BCLDebug.Assert(Capacity >= 0 && Capacity <= m_MaxCapacity, "Invalid StringBuilder");
            BCLDebug.Assert(m_StringValue != null && Capacity >= m_StringValue.Length, "Invalid StringBuilder"); 
        }

        private String GetThreadSafeString(out IntPtr tid) {
            // Following two reads (m_StringValue, m_currentThread) needs to happen in order. 
            // This is guaranteed by making the fields volatile.
            // See ReplaceString method for details. 
 
             String temp = m_StringValue;
             tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread(); 
             if (m_currentThread == tid)
                return temp;
             return String.GetStringForStringBuilder(temp, temp.Capacity);
        } 

         public int Capacity { 
             get {return m_StringValue.Capacity;} //-1 to account for terminating null. 
             set {
                IntPtr tid; 
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);

                if (value < 0) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCapacity")); 
                }
 
                if (value < currentString.Length) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity"));
                } 

                if (value > MaxCapacity) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Capacity"));
                } 

                int currCapacity = currentString.Capacity; 
                //If we already have the correct capacity, bail out early. 
                if (value != currCapacity) {
                    //Allocate a new String with the capacity and copy all of our old characters 
                    //into it.  We've already guaranteed that our String will fit within that capacity.
                    //We don't need to worry about the COW bit because we're always allocating a new String.
                    String newString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder( currentString, value);
                    ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
                }
            } 
        } 

        public int MaxCapacity { 
            get { return m_MaxCapacity; }

        }
 
        // Read-Only Property
        // Ensures that the capacity of this string builder is at least the specified value. 
        // If capacity is greater than the capacity of this string builder, then the capacity 
        // is set to capacity; otherwise the capacity is unchanged.
        // 
        public int EnsureCapacity(int capacity) {
            if (capacity<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedPosCapacity"));
            } 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

            //If we need more space or the COW bit is set, copy the buffer. 
            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,capacity)) {
                return currentString.Capacity;
            }
 
            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,capacity);
            ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            return newString.Capacity; 
        }
 
        public override String ToString() {
            //
            // We assume that their read of m_currentThread will always occur after read of m_StringValue.
            // If these reads get re-ordered then it is possible to get a currentString owned by some other 
            // (mutating) thread and yet think, according to currentThread, that such was not the case.
            // This is acheived by marking m_StringValue as volatile. 
            // 
            String currentString =  m_StringValue;
            IntPtr currentThread = m_currentThread; 

            //
            // Note calling ToString the second time or from a different thread will cause allocation of a new string.
            // If we do not make a copy if currentThread is IntPtr.Zero, we will have following ----: 
            //
            // (1) Thread T1 completes a mutation of the string and will become the owner. 
            // T1 then starts another mutation operation and 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (2) Thread T2 starts a ToString operation.  T2 reads m_StringValue into its local currentString variable. 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (3) Thread T3 finshes a mutation of the string in the StringBuilder , performing the ReplaceString call.
            // Thread T3 then starts a ToString operation.  Assuming the string is not wasting excessive space,
            // T3 will proceeds to call ClearPostNullChar, registers NOBODY as the owner, and returns the string. 
            // A thread interleaving happens at this point.
            // (4) Thread T2 resumes execution.  T2 reads m_currentThread and sees that NOBODY is the registered owner 
            //  Assuming its currentString is not wasting excessive space, T2 will return the same string that thread T1 is 
            //  in the middle of mutating.
            // 
            if (currentThread != Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread()) {
                return String.InternalCopy(currentString);
            }
 
            if ((2 *  currentString.Length) <  currentString.ArrayLength) {
                return String.InternalCopy(currentString); 
            } 

            currentString.ClearPostNullChar(); 
            m_currentThread = IntPtr.Zero;
            return  currentString;
        }
 
        // Converts a substring of this string builder to a String.
        public String ToString(int startIndex, int length) { 
            // We here enforce the policy copying underlying String data in all cases, since StringBuilder 
            // uses the the internal m_StringValue reference mutably.
            return m_StringValue.InternalSubStringWithChecks(startIndex, length, true); 
        }

        // Sets the length of the String in this buffer.  If length is less than the current
        // instance, the StringBuilder is truncated.  If length is greater than the current 
        // instance, nulls are appended.  The capacity is adjusted to be the same as the length.
 
        public int Length { 
            get {
               return  m_StringValue.Length; 
            }
            set {
                IntPtr tid;
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

                if (value==0) { //the user is trying to clear the string 
                     currentString.SetLength(0); 
                     ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                     return; 
                }

                int currentLength = currentString.Length;
                int newlength = value; 
                //If our length is less than 0 or greater than our Maximum capacity, bail.
                if (newlength<0) { 
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newlength", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeLength")); 
                }
 
                if (newlength>MaxCapacity) {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("capacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity"));
                }
 
                //Jump out early if our requested length our currentlength.
                //This will be a pretty rare branch. 
                if (newlength == currentLength) { 
                    return;
                } 


                //If the StringBuilder has never been converted to a string, simply set the length
                //without allocating a new string. 
                if (newlength <= currentString.Capacity) {
                    if (newlength > currentLength) { 
                        for (int i = currentLength ; i < newlength; i++) // This is a rare case anyway. 
                            currentString.InternalSetCharNoBoundsCheck(i,'\0');
                    } 

                    currentString.InternalSetCharNoBoundsCheck(newlength,'\0'); //Null terminate.
                    currentString.SetLength(newlength);
                    ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 

                    return; 
                } 

                // CopyOnWrite set we need to allocate a String 
                int newCapacity = (newlength>currentString.Capacity)?newlength:currentString.Capacity;
                String newString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, newCapacity);

                //We know exactly how many characters we need, so embed that knowledge in the String. 
                newString.SetLength(newlength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } 
        }
 
        [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IndexerName("Chars")]
        public char this[int index] {
            get {
                return  m_StringValue[index]; 
            }
            set { 
                IntPtr tid; 
                String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
                currentString.SetChar(index, value); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            }
        }
 
        // Appends a character at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(char value, int repeatCount) { 
            if (repeatCount==0) { 
                return this;
            } 
            if (repeatCount<0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("repeatCount", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCount"));
            }
 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 

            int currentLength = currentString.Length; 
            int requiredLength = currentLength + repeatCount;

            if (requiredLength < 0)
                throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 

            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, repeatCount,currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                return this; 
            }

            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
            newString.AppendInPlace(value, repeatCount,currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            return this; 
        } 

        // Appends an array of characters at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char[] value, int startIndex, int charCount) {
            int requiredLength;

            if (value==null) { 
                if (startIndex==0 && charCount==0) {
                    return this; 
                } 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
            } 

            if (charCount==0) {
                return this;
            } 

            if (startIndex<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive")); 
            }
            if (charCount<0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive"));
            }
            if (charCount>value.Length-startIndex) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            }
 
            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            requiredLength = currentLength + charCount;
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) {
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, charCount,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, charCount,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }

            return this;
        } 

        // Appends a copy of this string at the end of this string builder. 
        public StringBuilder Append(String value) { 
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null
            //and return. 
            if (value==null) {
                return this;
            }
 
            IntPtr tid;
            // hand inlining of GetThreadSafeString 
            String currentString = m_StringValue; 
            tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread();
            if (m_currentThread != tid) 
                currentString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, currentString.Capacity);

            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            int requiredLength = currentLength + value.Length;
 
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                newString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }
 
            return this; 
        }
 
        internal unsafe StringBuilder Append(char *value, int count) {
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null
            //and return.
            if (value==null) { 
                return this;
            } 
 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;

            int requiredLength = currentLength + count; 

            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, count,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,count,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            } 

            return this; 
        } 

#if WIN64   // STUBS_AS_IL 
        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        internal unsafe extern void ReplaceBufferInternal(char* newBuffer, int newLength);

        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] 
        internal unsafe extern void ReplaceBufferAnsiInternal(sbyte* newBuffer, int newLength);
#endif // WIN64 // STUBS_AS_IL 
 
        private bool NeedsAllocation(String currentString,int requiredLength) {
            //<= accounts for the terminating 0 which we require on strings. 
            return (currentString.ArrayLength<=requiredLength);
        }

        private String GetNewString(String currentString, int requiredLength) { 
            int newCapacity;
            int maxCapacity = m_MaxCapacity; 
 
            if (requiredLength < 0) {
                throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 
            }

            if (requiredLength >  maxCapacity) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("requiredLength", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity")); 
            }
 
            newCapacity = ( currentString.Capacity)*2; // To force a predicatable growth of 160,320 etc. for testing purposes 

            if (newCapacity maxCapacity) { 
                newCapacity =  maxCapacity;
            } 
 
            if (newCapacity<=0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("newCapacity", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCapacity")); 
            }

            return String.GetStringForStringBuilder( currentString, newCapacity);
        } 

        private void ReplaceString(IntPtr tid, String value) { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(value!=null, "[StringBuilder.ReplaceString]value!=null"); 

            // Following two writes (m_currentThread, m_StringValue) needs to happen in order. 
            // This is guaranteed by making the fields volatile.
            //
            // If two threads are modifying the same StringBuilder at the same time,
            // we don't want them to use the same StringValue. This is done by comparing 
            // owner thread id against current thread id in GetThreadSafeString.
            // Here we need to guarantee the ordering of writes to make sure if the another thread 
            // see the change we have done to m_StringValue, it will see the change to m_currentThread as well. 
            //
            m_currentThread = tid; // new owner 
            m_StringValue = value;
        }

        // Appends a copy of the characters in value from startIndex to startIndex + 
        // count at the end of this string builder.
        public StringBuilder Append (String value, int startIndex, int count) { 
            //If the value being added is null, eat the null 
            //and return.
            if (value==null) { 
                if (startIndex==0 && count==0) {
                    return this;
                }
                throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 
            }
 
            if (count<=0) { 
                if (count==0) {
                    return this; 
                }
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive"));
            }
 
            if (startIndex<0 || (startIndex>value.Length - count)) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            } 

            IntPtr tid; 
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;

            int requiredLength = currentLength + count; 

            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength); 
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, count, currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, startIndex, count, currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            } 

            return this; 
        } 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public StringBuilder AppendLine() {
            return Append(Environment.NewLine);
        }
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public StringBuilder AppendLine( string value ) { 
            Append(value); 
            return Append(Environment.NewLine);
        } 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public void CopyTo ( int sourceIndex, char[] destination, int destinationIndex, int count) {
            if (destination == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("destination");
            } 
 
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_NegativeArgCount"), "count"); 
            }

            if (destinationIndex < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException( 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_MustBeNonNegNum","destinationIndex"), "destinationIndex");
            } 
 
            if (destinationIndex > destination.Length - count) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_OffsetOut")); 
            }

            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            if (sourceIndex < 0 || sourceIndex > currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (sourceIndex > currentLength - count) {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Arg_LongerThanSrcString"));
            } 

            // following fixed statement will throw exception for empty array. 
            if( count == 0) { 
                return;
            } 

            unsafe {
                fixed( char* dest = &destination[destinationIndex], tsrc= currentString) {
                    char* src = tsrc + sourceIndex; 
                    Buffer.memcpyimpl((byte*) src, (byte*) dest, count * 2 );
                } 
            } 
        }
 
        // Inserts multiple copies of a string into this string builder at the specified position.
        // Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, this
        // string builder is not changed. 
        //
        public unsafe StringBuilder Insert(int index, String value, int count) { 
              IntPtr tid; 
              String currentString = GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
              int currentLength = currentString.Length; 

              //Range check the index.
              if (index < 0 || index > currentLength) {
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index",Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
              }
 
              if (count < 0) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
              } 

              //If value is null, empty or count is 0, do nothing. This is ECMA standard.
              if (value == null || value.Length == 0 || count == 0) {
                  return this; 
              }
 
              //Calculate the new length, ensure that we have the space and set the space variable for this buffer 
              int requiredLength;
              try { 
                  requiredLength = checked(currentLength + (value.Length * count));
              }
              catch (OverflowException) {
                  throw new OutOfMemoryException(); 
              }
 
              if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
                   String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                   newString.InsertInPlace(index, value, count, currentLength, requiredLength); 
                   ReplaceString(tid,newString);
              }
              else {
                   currentString.InsertInPlace(index, value, count, currentLength, requiredLength); 
                   ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
              } 
              return this; 
         }
 


        // Property.
        // Removes the specified characters from this string builder. 
        // The length of this string builder is reduced by
        // length, but the capacity is unaffected. 
        // 
        public StringBuilder Remove(int startIndex, int length)
        { 
              IntPtr tid;
              String currentString = GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
              int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
              if (length<0) {
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeLength")); 
              } 

              if (startIndex<0) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
              }

              if (length > currentLength - startIndex) { 
                  throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
              } 
 
              currentString.RemoveInPlace(startIndex, length, currentLength);
              ReplaceString(tid, currentString); 

              return this;
        }
 

        // 
        // 
        // PUBLIC INSTANCE FUNCTIONS
        // 
        //

        /*====================================Append====================================
        ** 
        ==============================================================================*/
        // Appends a boolean to the end of this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(bool value) {
            return Append(value.ToString()); 
        }

        // Appends an sbyte to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(sbyte value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends a ubyte to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(byte value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends a character at the end of this string builder. The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char value) {
            IntPtr tid; 

            // hand inlining of GetThreadSafeString
            String currentString = m_StringValue;
            tid = Thread.InternalGetCurrentThread(); 
            if (m_currentThread != tid)
                currentString = String.GetStringForStringBuilder(currentString, currentString.Capacity); 
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            if (!NeedsAllocation(currentString,currentLength+1)) { 
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
                return this;
            } 

            String newString = GetNewString(currentString,currentLength+1); 
            newString.AppendInPlace(value,currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,newString);
            return this; 
        }

        // Appends a short to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(short value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        } 

        // Appends an int to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(int value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        // Appends a long to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(long value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }

        // Appends a float to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(float value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        } 

        // Appends a double to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        public StringBuilder Append(double value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        public StringBuilder Append(decimal value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture)); 
        }
 
        // Appends an ushort to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(ushort value) { 
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 
 
        // Appends an uint to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Append(uint value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        } 

        // Appends an unsigned long to this string builder. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 

         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Append(ulong value) {
            return Append(value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        }
 
        // Appends an Object to this string builder.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        public StringBuilder Append(Object value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                //Appending null is now a no-op. 
                return this;
            }
            return Append(value.ToString());
        } 

        // Appends all of the characters in value to the current instance. 
        public StringBuilder Append(char[] value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                return this; 
            }

            int valueLength = value.Length;
 
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
            int requiredLength = currentLength + value.Length; 
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) {
                String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
                newString.AppendInPlace(value, 0, valueLength,currentLength);
                ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            } else {
                currentString.AppendInPlace(value, 0, valueLength, currentLength); 
                ReplaceString(tid,currentString); 
            }
            return this; 
        }

        /*====================================Insert====================================
        ** 
        ==============================================================================*/
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, String value) {
            if (value == null) // This is to do the index validation 
                return Insert(index,value,0);
            else 
                return Insert(index,value,1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed. 
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert( int index, bool value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed. 
        //
         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, sbyte value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, byte value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, short value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, char value) { 
            return Insert(index,Char.ToString(value),1);
        } 

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        // 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, char[] value) { 
            if (null==value) {
                return Insert(index, value, 0, 0); 
            }
            return Insert(index, value, 0, value.Length);
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with charCount characters from
        // value inserted into the buffer at index.  Existing characters are shifted 
        // to make room for the new text and capacity is adjusted as required.  If value is null, the StringBuilder 
        // is unchanged.  Characters are taken from value starting at position startIndex.
        public StringBuilder Insert (int index, char [] value, int startIndex, int charCount) 
        {
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid);
            int currentLength = currentString.Length; 

            //Range check the index. 
            if (index < 0 || index > currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            //If they passed in a null char array, just jump out quickly.
            if (value == null) {
                if (startIndex == 0 && charCount == 0) 
                {
                    return this; 
                } 
                throw new ArgumentNullException(Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_String"));
            } 


            //Range check the array.
            if (startIndex < 0) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StartIndex"));
            } 
 
            if (charCount < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GenericPositive")); 
            }

            if (startIndex > value.Length - charCount) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 
            }
 
            if(charCount == 0) { 
                // There is no data to insert, so just return.
                return this; 
            }

            int requiredLength = currentLength + charCount;
            if (NeedsAllocation(currentString,requiredLength)) { 
               String newString = GetNewString(currentString,requiredLength);
               newString.InsertInPlace(index, value, startIndex, charCount, currentLength, requiredLength); 
               ReplaceString(tid,newString); 
            }
            else { 
               currentString.InsertInPlace(index, value, startIndex, charCount, currentLength, requiredLength);
               ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            }
            return this; 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, int value){
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, long value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, float value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }
 
 
        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with ; value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the
        // StringBuilder is not changed.
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, double value) { 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1);
        } 
 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, decimal value) {
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text. 
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed.
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, ushort value) {
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),1); 
        }


        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, uint value) { 
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture), 1);
        }

        // Returns a reference to the StringBuilder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text.
        // The capacity is adjusted as needed. 
        // 
         [CLSCompliant(false)]
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, ulong value) { 
            return Insert(index, value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture), 1);
        }

        // Returns a reference to this string builder with value inserted into 
        // the buffer at index. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the
        // new text.  The capacity is adjusted as needed. If value equals String.Empty, the 
        // StringBuilder is not changed. No changes are made if value is null. 
        //
        public StringBuilder Insert(int index, Object value) { 
            //If we get a null
            if (null==value) {
                return this;
            } 
            return Insert(index,value.ToString(),1);
        } 
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0) {
            return AppendFormat( null,format, new Object[] {arg0}); 
        }

        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0, Object arg1) {
            return AppendFormat(null, format, new Object[] {arg0, arg1}); 
        }
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, Object arg0, Object arg1, Object arg2) { 
            return AppendFormat(null, format, new Object[] {arg0, arg1, arg2});
        } 

        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(String format, params Object[] args) {
            return AppendFormat(null, format, args);
        } 

        private static void FormatError() { 
            throw new FormatException(Environment.GetResourceString("Format_InvalidString")); 
        }
 
        public StringBuilder AppendFormat(IFormatProvider provider, String format, params Object[] args) {
            if (format == null || args == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException((format==null)?"format":"args");
            } 
            char[] chars = format.ToCharArray(0, format.Length);
            int pos = 0; 
            int len = chars.Length; 
            char ch = '\x0';
 
            ICustomFormatter cf = null;
            if (provider!=null) {
                   cf=(ICustomFormatter)provider.GetFormat(typeof(ICustomFormatter));
                } 

            while (true) { 
                int p = pos; 
                int i = pos;
                while (pos < len) { 
                    ch = chars[pos];

                    pos++;
                    if (ch == '}') 
                    {
                        if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='}') // Treat as escape character for }} 
                            pos++; 
                        else
                            FormatError(); 
                    }

                    if (ch == '{')
                    { 
                        if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='{') // Treat as escape character for {{
                            pos++; 
                        else 
                        {
                            pos--; 
                            break;
                        }
                    }
 
                    chars[i++] = ch;
                } 
                if (i > p) Append(chars, p, i - p); 
                if (pos == len) break;
                pos++; 
                if (pos == len || (ch = chars[pos]) < '0' || ch > '9') FormatError();
                int index = 0;
                do {
                    index = index * 10 + ch - '0'; 
                    pos++;
                    if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                    ch = chars[pos]; 
                } while (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' && index < 1000000);
                if (index >= args.Length) throw new FormatException(Environment.GetResourceString("Format_IndexOutOfRange")); 
                while (pos < len && (ch=chars[pos]) == ' ') pos++;
                bool leftJustify = false;
                int width = 0;
                if (ch == ',') { 
                    pos++;
                    while (pos < len && chars[pos] == ' ') pos++; 
 
                    if (pos == len) FormatError();
                    ch = chars[pos]; 
                    if (ch == '-') {
                        leftJustify = true;
                        pos++;
                        if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                        ch = chars[pos];
                    } 
                    if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') FormatError(); 
                    do {
                        width = width * 10 + ch - '0'; 
                        pos++;
                        if (pos == len) FormatError();
                        ch = chars[pos];
                    } while (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' && width < 1000000); 
                }
 
                while (pos < len && (ch=chars[pos]) == ' ') pos++; 
                Object arg = args[index];
                String fmt = null; 
                if (ch == ':') {
                    pos++;
                    p = pos;
                    i = pos; 
                    while (true) {
                        if (pos == len) FormatError(); 
                        ch = chars[pos]; 
                        pos++;
                        if (ch == '{') 
                        {
                            if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='{')  // Treat as escape character for {{
                                pos++;
                            else 
                                FormatError();
                        } 
                        else if (ch == '}') 
                        {
                            if(pos < len && chars[pos]=='}')  // Treat as escape character for }} 
                                pos++;
                            else
                            {
                                pos--; 
                                break;
                            } 
                        } 

                        chars[i++] = ch; 
                    }
                    if (i > p) fmt = new String(chars, p, i - p);
                }
                if (ch != '}') FormatError(); 
                pos++;
                String s = null; 
                if (cf != null) { 
                    s = cf.Format(fmt, arg, provider);
                } 

                if (s==null) {
                    if (arg is IFormattable) {
                        s = ((IFormattable)arg).ToString(fmt, provider); 
                    } else if (arg != null) {
                        s = arg.ToString(); 
                    } 
                }
 
                if (s == null) s = String.Empty;
                int pad = width - s.Length;
                if (!leftJustify && pad > 0) Append(' ', pad);
                Append(s); 
                if (leftJustify && pad > 0) Append(' ', pad);
            } 
            return this; 
        }
 
        // Returns a reference to the current StringBuilder with all instances of oldString
        // replaced with newString.  If startIndex and count are specified,
        // we only replace strings completely contained in the range of startIndex to startIndex +
        // count.  The strings to be replaced are checked on an ordinal basis (e.g. not culture aware).  If 
        // newValue is null, instances of oldValue are removed (e.g. replaced with nothing.).
        // 
        public StringBuilder Replace(String oldValue, String newValue) { 
            return Replace(oldValue, newValue, 0, Length);
        } 

        [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
        public extern StringBuilder Replace (String oldValue, String newValue, int startIndex, int count);
 
        public bool Equals(StringBuilder sb)
        { 
            if (sb == null) 
                return false;
            return ((this.Capacity == sb.Capacity) && (this.MaxCapacity == sb.MaxCapacity) && (this. m_StringValue.Equals(sb. m_StringValue))); 
        }

        // Returns a StringBuilder with all instances of oldChar replaced with
        // newChar.  The size of the StringBuilder is unchanged because we're only 
        // replacing characters.  If startIndex and count are specified, we
        // only replace characters in the range from startIndex to startIndex+count 
        // 
        public StringBuilder Replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
            return Replace(oldChar, newChar, 0, Length); 
        }
        public StringBuilder Replace (char oldChar, char newChar, int startIndex, int count) {
            IntPtr tid;
            String currentString =  GetThreadSafeString(out tid); 
            int currentLength = currentString.Length;
 
            if ((uint)startIndex > (uint)currentLength) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            if (count<0 || startIndex > currentLength-count) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
            } 

            BCLDebug.Assert(!NeedsAllocation(currentString,currentLength), "New allocation should not happen!"); 
            currentString.ReplaceCharInPlace(oldChar, newChar, startIndex, count, currentLength); 
            ReplaceString(tid,currentString);
            return this; 
        }
    }
}
 

 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

                        

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