Encoding.cs source code in C# .NET

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Code:

/ Dotnetfx_Win7_3.5.1 / Dotnetfx_Win7_3.5.1 / 3.5.1 / DEVDIV / depot / DevDiv / releases / whidbey / NetFXspW7 / ndp / clr / src / BCL / System / Text / Encoding.cs / 1 / Encoding.cs

                            // ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
namespace System.Text
{ 
    using System; 
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Runtime.Remoting; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Threading; 
    using System.Text;
    using Win32Native = Microsoft.Win32.Win32Native; 
 
    // This abstract base class represents a character encoding. The class provides
    // methods to convert arrays and strings of Unicode characters to and from 
    // arrays of bytes. A number of Encoding implementations are provided in
    // the System.Text package, including:
    //
    // ASCIIEncoding, which encodes Unicode characters as single 7-bit 
    // ASCII characters. This encoding only supports character values between 0x00
    //     and 0x7F. 
    // BaseCodePageEncoding, which encapsulates a Windows code page. Any 
    //     installed code page can be accessed through this encoding, and conversions
    //     are performed using the WideCharToMultiByte and 
    //     MultiByteToWideChar Windows API functions.
    // UnicodeEncoding, which encodes each Unicode character as two
    //    consecutive bytes. Both little-endian (code page 1200) and big-endian (code
    //    page 1201) encodings are recognized. 
    // UTF7Encoding, which encodes Unicode characters using the UTF-7
    //     encoding (UTF-7 stands for UCS Transformation Format, 7-bit form). This 
    //     encoding supports all Unicode character values, and can also be accessed 
    //     as code page 65000.
    // UTF8Encoding, which encodes Unicode characters using the UTF-8 
    //     encoding (UTF-8 stands for UCS Transformation Format, 8-bit form). This
    //     encoding supports all Unicode character values, and can also be accessed
    //     as code page 65001.
    // UTF32Encoding, both 12000 (little endian) & 12001 (big endian) 
    //
    // In addition to directly instantiating Encoding objects, an 
    // application can use the ForCodePage, GetASCII, 
    // GetDefault, GetUnicode, GetUTF7, and GetUTF8
    // methods in this class to obtain encodings. 
    //
    // Through an encoding, the GetBytes method is used to convert arrays
    // of characters to arrays of bytes, and the GetChars method is used to
    // convert arrays of bytes to arrays of characters. The GetBytes and 
    // GetChars methods maintain no state between conversions, and are
    // generally intended for conversions of complete blocks of bytes and 
    // characters in one operation. When the data to be converted is only available 
    // in sequential blocks (such as data read from a stream) or when the amount of
    // data is so large that it needs to be divided into smaller blocks, an 
    // application may choose to use a Decoder or an Encoder to
    // perform the conversion. Decoders and encoders allow sequential blocks of
    // data to be converted and they maintain the state required to support
    // conversions of data that spans adjacent blocks. Decoders and encoders are 
    // obtained using the GetDecoder and GetEncoder methods.
    // 
    // The core GetBytes and GetChars methods require the caller 
    // to provide the destination buffer and ensure that the buffer is large enough
    // to hold the entire result of the conversion. When using these methods, 
    // either directly on an Encoding object or on an associated
    // Decoder or Encoder, an application can use one of two methods
    // to allocate destination buffers.
    // 
    // The GetByteCount and GetCharCount methods can be used to
    // compute the exact size of the result of a particular conversion, and an 
    // appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. 
    // The GetMaxByteCount and GetMaxCharCount methods can be
    // be used to compute the maximum possible size of a conversion of a given 
    // number of bytes or characters, and a buffer of that size can then be reused
    // for multiple conversions.
    //
    // The first method generally uses less memory, whereas the second method 
    // generally executes faster.
    // 
 
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
    [Serializable()] public abstract class Encoding : ICloneable 
    {
        private static Encoding defaultEncoding;
        private static Encoding unicodeEncoding;
        private static Encoding bigEndianUnicode; 
        private static Encoding utf7Encoding;
        private static Encoding utf8Encoding; 
        private static Encoding utf32Encoding; 
        private static Encoding asciiEncoding;
        private static Encoding latin1Encoding; 
        private static Hashtable encodings;

        //
        // The following values are from mlang.idl.  These values 
        // should be in [....] with those in mlang.idl.
        // 
        private const int MIMECONTF_MAILNEWS          = 0x00000001; 
        private const int MIMECONTF_BROWSER           = 0x00000002;
        private const int MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_MAILNEWS  = 0x00000100; 
        private const int MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_BROWSER   = 0x00000200;

        // Special Case Code Pages
        private const int CodePageDefault       = 0; 
        private const int CodePageNoOEM         = 1;        // OEM Code page not supported
        private const int CodePageNoMac         = 2;        // MAC code page not supported 
        private const int CodePageNoThread      = 3;        // Thread code page not supported 
        private const int CodePageNoSymbol      = 42;       // Symbol code page not supported
        private const int CodePageUnicode       = 1200;     // Unicode 
        private const int CodePageBigEndian     = 1201;     // Big Endian Unicode
        private const int CodePageWindows1252   = 1252;     // Windows 1252 code page

        // 20936 has same code page as 10008, so we'll special case it 
        private const int CodePageMacGB2312 = 10008;
        private const int CodePageGB2312    = 20936; 
        private const int CodePageMacKorean = 10003; 
        private const int CodePageDLLKorean = 20949;
 
        // ISO 2022 Code Pages
        private const int ISO2022JP         = 50220;
        private const int ISO2022JPESC      = 50221;
        private const int ISO2022JPSISO     = 50222; 
        private const int ISOKorean         = 50225;
        private const int ISOSimplifiedCN   = 50227; 
        private const int EUCJP             = 51932; 
        private const int ChineseHZ         = 52936;    // HZ has ~}~{~~ sequences
 
        // 51936 is the same as 936
        private const int DuplicateEUCCN    = 51936;
        private const int EUCCN             = 936;
 
        private const int EUCKR             = 51949;
 
        // Latin 1 & ASCII Code Pages 
        internal const int CodePageASCII    = 20127;    // ASCII
        internal const int ISO_8859_1       = 28591;    // Latin1 

        // ISCII
        private const int ISCIIAssemese     = 57006;
        private const int ISCIIBengali      = 57003; 
        private const int ISCIIDevanagari   = 57002;
        private const int ISCIIGujarathi    = 57010; 
        private const int ISCIIKannada      = 57008; 
        private const int ISCIIMalayalam    = 57009;
        private const int ISCIIOriya        = 57007; 
        private const int ISCIIPanjabi      = 57011;
        private const int ISCIITamil        = 57004;
        private const int ISCIITelugu       = 57005;
 
        // GB18030
        private const int GB18030           = 54936; 
 
        // Other
        private const int ISO_8859_8I       = 38598; 
        private const int ISO_8859_8_Visual = 28598;

        // 50229 is currently unsupported // "Chinese Traditional (ISO-2022)"
        private const int ENC50229          = 50229; 

        // Special code pages 
        private const int CodePageUTF7      = 65000; 
        private const int CodePageUTF8      = 65001;
        private const int CodePageUTF32     = 12000; 
        private const int CodePageUTF32BE   = 12001;

        internal int m_codePage = 0;
 
        // dataItem should be internal (not private). otherwise it will break during the deserialization
        // of the data came from Everett 
        internal CodePageDataItem dataItem = null; 

        [NonSerialized] 
        internal bool m_deserializedFromEverett = false;

        // Because of encoders we may be read only
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)] 
        private bool m_isReadOnly = true;
 
        // Encoding (encoder) fallback 
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)]
        internal EncoderFallback encoderFallback = null; 
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)]
        internal DecoderFallback decoderFallback = null;

        // Useful for Encodings whose GetPreamble method must return an 
        // empty byte array.
        internal static readonly byte[] emptyByteArray = new byte[0]; 
 

        protected Encoding() : this(0) 
        {
        }

 
        protected Encoding(int codePage)
        { 
            // Validate code page 
            if (codePage < 0)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("codePage");
            }

            // Remember code page 
            m_codePage = codePage;
 
            // Use default encoder/decoder fallbacks 
            this.SetDefaultFallbacks();
        } 

        // Default fallback that we'll use.
        internal virtual void SetDefaultFallbacks()
        { 
            // For UTF-X encodings, we use a replacement fallback with an empty string,
            // For ASCII we use "?" replacement fallback, etc. 
            this.encoderFallback = new InternalEncoderBestFitFallback(this); 
            this.decoderFallback = new InternalDecoderBestFitFallback(this);
        } 


#region Serialization
        internal void OnDeserializing() 
        {
            // intialize the optional Whidbey fields 
            encoderFallback = null; 
            decoderFallback = null;
            m_isReadOnly    = true; 
        }

        internal void OnDeserialized()
        { 
            if (encoderFallback == null || decoderFallback == null)
            { 
                m_deserializedFromEverett = true; 
                SetDefaultFallbacks();
            } 

            // dataItem is always recalculated from the code page #
            dataItem = null;
        } 

        [OnDeserializing] 
        private void OnDeserializing(StreamingContext ctx) 
        {
            OnDeserializing(); 
        }


        [OnDeserialized] 
        private void OnDeserialized(StreamingContext ctx)
        { 
            OnDeserialized(); 
        }
 
        [OnSerializing]
        private void OnSerializing(StreamingContext ctx)
        {
            // to be consistent with SerializeEncoding 
            dataItem = null;
        } 
 
        // the following two methods are used for the inherited classes which implemented ISerializable
        // Deserialization Helper 
        internal void DeserializeEncoding(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        {
            // Any info?
            if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

            // All versions have a code page 
            this.m_codePage = (int)info.GetValue("m_codePage", typeof(int)); 

            // We can get dataItem on the fly if needed, and the index is different between versions 
            // so ignore whatever dataItem data we get from Everett.
            this.dataItem   = null;

            // See if we have a code page 
            try
            { 
                // 
                // Try Whidbey V2.0 Fields
                // 

                this.m_isReadOnly = (bool)info.GetValue("m_isReadOnly", typeof(bool));

                this.encoderFallback = (EncoderFallback)info.GetValue("encoderFallback", typeof(EncoderFallback)); 
                this.decoderFallback = (DecoderFallback)info.GetValue("decoderFallback", typeof(DecoderFallback));
            } 
            catch (SerializationException) 
            {
                // 
                // Didn't have Whidbey things, must be Everett
                //
                this.m_deserializedFromEverett = true;
 
                // May as well be read only
                this.m_isReadOnly = true; 
                SetDefaultFallbacks(); 
            }
        } 

        // Serialization Helper
        internal void SerializeEncoding(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        { 
            // Any Info?
            if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 
 
            // These are new V2.0 Whidbey stuff
            info.AddValue("m_isReadOnly", this.m_isReadOnly); 
            info.AddValue("encoderFallback", this.EncoderFallback);
            info.AddValue("decoderFallback", this.DecoderFallback);

            // These were in Everett V1.1 as well 
            info.AddValue("m_codePage", this.m_codePage);
 
            // This was unique to Everett V1.1 
            info.AddValue("dataItem", (CodePageDataItem)null);
 
            // Everett duplicated these fields, so these are needed for portability
            info.AddValue("Encoding+m_codePage", this.m_codePage);
            info.AddValue("Encoding+dataItem", (CodePageDataItem)null);
        } 

#endregion Serialization 
 
        // Converts a byte array from one encoding to another. The bytes in the
        // bytes array are converted from srcEncoding to 
        // dstEncoding, and the returned value is a new byte array
        // containing the result of the conversion.
        //
 
        public static byte[] Convert(Encoding srcEncoding, Encoding dstEncoding,
            byte[] bytes) { 
            if (bytes==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes");
            return Convert(srcEncoding, dstEncoding, bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
        }

        // Converts a range of bytes in a byte array from one encoding to another.
        // This method converts count bytes from bytes starting at 
        // index index from srcEncoding to dstEncoding, and
        // returns a new byte array containing the result of the conversion. 
        // 

        public static byte[] Convert(Encoding srcEncoding, Encoding dstEncoding, 
            byte[] bytes, int index, int count) {
            if (srcEncoding == null || dstEncoding == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException((srcEncoding == null ? "srcEncoding" : "dstEncoding"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            }
            if (bytes == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return dstEncoding.GetBytes(srcEncoding.GetChars(bytes, index, count));
        }

        // Private object for locking instead of locking on a public type for SQL reliability work. 
        private static Object s_InternalSyncObject;
        private static Object InternalSyncObject { 
            get { 
                if (s_InternalSyncObject == null) {
                    Object o = new Object(); 
                    Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref s_InternalSyncObject, o, null);
                }
                return s_InternalSyncObject;
            } 
        }
 
 
        public static Encoding GetEncoding(int codepage)
        { 
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be get by codepage, be sure to
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable.
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call 
            // EncodingTable.GetDataItem().
            // 
            if (codepage < 0 || codepage > 65535) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
                    "codepage", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Range", 
                        0, 65535));
            }

            // Our Encoding 
            Encoding result = null;
 
            // See if we have a hash table with our encoding in it already. 
            if (encodings != null)
                result = (Encoding)encodings[codepage]; 

            if (result == null)
            {
                // Don't conflict with ourselves 
                lock (InternalSyncObject)
                { 
                    // Need a new hash table 
                    if (encodings == null) encodings = new Hashtable();
 
                    // Double check that we don't have one in the table (in case another thread beat us here)
                    if ((result = (Encoding)encodings[codepage])!=null)
                        return result;
 
                    // Special case the commonly used Encoding classes here, then call
                    // GetEncodingRare to avoid loading classes like MLangCodePageEncoding 
                    // and ASCIIEncoding.  ASP.NET uses UTF-8 & ISO-8859-1. 
                    switch (codepage)
                    { 
                        case CodePageDefault:                   // 0, default code page
                            result = Encoding.Default;
                            break;
                        case CodePageUnicode:                   // 1200, Unicode 
                            result = Unicode;
                            break; 
                        case CodePageBigEndian:                 // 1201, big endian unicode 
                            result = BigEndianUnicode;
                            break; 
                        case CodePageWindows1252:               // 1252, Windows
                            result = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage);
                            break;
                        case CodePageUTF8:                      // 65001, UTF8 
                            result = UTF8;
                            break; 
 
                        // These are (hopefully) not very common, but also shouldn't slow us down much and make default
                        // case able to handle more code pages by calling GetEncodingCodePage 
                        case CodePageNoOEM:             // 1
                        case CodePageNoMac:             // 2
                        case CodePageNoThread:          // 3
                        case CodePageNoSymbol:          // 42 
                            // Win32 also allows the following special code page values.  We won't allow them except in the
                            // CP_ACP case. 
                            // #define CP_ACP                    0           // default to ANSI code page 
                            // #define CP_OEMCP                  1           // default to OEM  code page
                            // #define CP_MACCP                  2           // default to MAC  code page 
                            // #define CP_THREAD_ACP             3           // current thread's ANSI code page
                            // #define CP_SYMBOL                 42          // SYMBOL translations
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString(
                                "Argument_CodepageNotSupported", codepage), "codepage"); 

                        // Have to do ASCII and Latin 1 first so they don't get loaded as code pages 
                        case CodePageASCII:             // 20127 
                            result = ASCII;
                            break; 
                        case ISO_8859_1:                // 28591
                            result = Latin1;
                            break;
                        default: 
                        {
                            // 1st assume its a code page. 
                            result = GetEncodingCodePage(codepage); 
                            if (result == null)
                                result = GetEncodingRare(codepage); 
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    encodings.Add(codepage, result); 
                }
 
            } 
            return result;
        } 


        public static Encoding GetEncoding(int codepage,
            EncoderFallback encoderFallback, DecoderFallback decoderFallback) 
        {
            // Get the default encoding (which is cached and read only) 
            Encoding baseEncoding = GetEncoding(codepage); 

            // Clone it and set the fallback 
            Encoding fallbackEncoding = (Encoding)baseEncoding.Clone();
            fallbackEncoding.EncoderFallback = encoderFallback;
            fallbackEncoding.DecoderFallback = decoderFallback;
 
            return fallbackEncoding;
        } 
 
        private static Encoding GetEncodingRare(int codepage)
        { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(codepage != 0 && codepage != 1200 && codepage != 1201 && codepage != 65001,
                "[Encoding.GetEncodingRare]This code page (" + codepage + ") isn't supported by GetEncodingRare!");
            Encoding result;
            switch (codepage) 
            {
                case CodePageUTF7:              // 65000 
                    result = UTF7; 
                    break;
                case CodePageUTF32:             // 12000 
                    result = UTF32;
                    break;
                case CodePageUTF32BE:           // 12001
                    result = new UTF32Encoding(true, true); 
                    break;
                case ISCIIAssemese: 
                case ISCIIBengali: 
                case ISCIIDevanagari:
                case ISCIIGujarathi: 
                case ISCIIKannada:
                case ISCIIMalayalam:
                case ISCIIOriya:
                case ISCIIPanjabi: 
                case ISCIITamil:
                case ISCIITelugu: 
                    result = new ISCIIEncoding(codepage); 
                    break;
                // GB2312-80 uses same code page for 20936 and mac 10008 
                case CodePageMacGB2312:
          //     case CodePageGB2312:
          //        result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, EUCCN);
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePageMacGB2312, CodePageGB2312); 
                    break;
 
                // Mac Korean 10003 and 20949 are the same 
                case CodePageMacKorean:
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePageMacKorean, CodePageDLLKorean); 
                    break;
                // GB18030 Code Pages
                case GB18030:
                    result = new GB18030Encoding(); 
                    break;
                // ISO2022 Code Pages 
                case ISOKorean: 
            //    case ISOSimplifiedCN
                case ChineseHZ: 
                case ISO2022JP:         // JIS JP, full-width Katakana mode (no half-width Katakana)
                case ISO2022JPESC:      // JIS JP, esc sequence to do Katakana.
                case ISO2022JPSISO:     // JIS JP with Shift In/ Shift Out Katakana support
                    result = new ISO2022Encoding(codepage); 
                    break;
                // Duplicate EUC-CN (51936) just calls a base code page 936, 
                // so does ISOSimplifiedCN (50227), which's gotta be broken 
                case DuplicateEUCCN:
                case ISOSimplifiedCN: 
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, EUCCN);    // Just maps to 936
                    break;
                case EUCJP:
                    result = new EUCJPEncoding(); 
                    break;
                case EUCKR: 
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, CodePageDLLKorean);    // Maps to 20949 
                    break;
                case ENC50229: 
                    throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_CodePage50229"));
                case ISO_8859_8I:
                    result = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, ISO_8859_8_Visual);        // Hebrew maps to a different code page
                    break; 
                default:
                    // Not found, already tried codepage table code pages in GetEncoding() 
                    throw new NotSupportedException( 
                        Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_NoCodepageData", codepage));
            } 
            return result;
        }

        private static Encoding GetEncodingCodePage(int CodePage) 
        {
            // Single Byte or Double Byte Code Page? (0 if not found) 
            int i = BaseCodePageEncoding.GetCodePageByteSize(CodePage); 
            if (i == 1) return new SBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePage);
            else if (i == 2) return new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePage); 

            // Return null if we didn't find one.
            return null;
        } 

        // Returns an Encoding object for a given name or a given code page value. 
        // 

        public static Encoding GetEncoding(String name) 
        {
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be requested by name, be sure to
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable. 
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call
            // EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(). 
            // 
            return (GetEncoding(EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(name)));
        } 

        // Returns an Encoding object for a given name or a given code page value.
        //
 
        public static Encoding GetEncoding(String name,
            EncoderFallback encoderFallback, DecoderFallback decoderFallback) 
        { 
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be requested by name, be sure to 
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable.
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call
            // EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName().
            // 
            return (GetEncoding(EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(name), encoderFallback, decoderFallback));
        } 
 
        // Return a list of all EncodingInfo objects describing all of our encodings
 
        public static EncodingInfo[] GetEncodings()
        {
            return EncodingTable.GetEncodings();
        } 

 
        public virtual byte[] GetPreamble() 
        {
            return emptyByteArray; 
        }

        private void GetDataItem() {
            if (dataItem==null) { 
                dataItem = EncodingTable.GetCodePageDataItem(m_codePage);
                if(dataItem==null) { 
                    throw new NotSupportedException( 
                        Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_NoCodepageData", m_codePage));
                } 
            }
        }

        // Returns the name for this encoding that can be used with mail agent body tags. 
        // If the encoding may not be used, the string is empty.
 
        public virtual String BodyName 
        {
            get 
            {
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return (dataItem.BodyName);
            } 
        } 

        // Returns the human-readable description of the encoding ( e.g. Hebrew (DOS)). 

        public virtual String EncodingName
        {
            get 
            {
                return (Environment.GetResourceString("Globalization.cp_"+m_codePage)); 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns the name for this encoding that can be used with mail agent header
        // tags.  If the encoding may not be used, the string is empty.

        public virtual String HeaderName 
        {
            get 
            { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return (dataItem.HeaderName);
            }
        } 

        // Returns the array of IANA-registered names for this encoding.  If there is an 
        // IANA preferred name, it is the first name in the array. 

        public virtual String WebName 
        {
            get
            {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return (dataItem.WebName); 
            }
        } 

        // Returns the windows code page that most closely corresponds to this encoding.

        public virtual int WindowsCodePage 
        {
            get 
            { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return (dataItem.UIFamilyCodePage);
            }
        } 

 
        // True if and only if the encoding is used for display by browsers clients. 

        public virtual bool IsBrowserDisplay { 
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_BROWSER) != 0);
            } 
        } 

        // True if and only if the encoding is used for saving by browsers clients. 

        public virtual bool IsBrowserSave {
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_BROWSER) != 0); 
            }
        } 

        // True if and only if the encoding is used for display by mail and news clients.

        public virtual bool IsMailNewsDisplay { 
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_MAILNEWS) != 0); 
            }
        }

 
        // True if and only if the encoding is used for saving documents by mail and
        // news clients 
 
        public virtual bool IsMailNewsSave {
            get { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                }
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_MAILNEWS) != 0); 
            }
        } 
 
        // True if and only if the encoding only uses single byte code points.  (Ie, ASCII, 1252, etc)
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual bool IsSingleByte
        {
            get 
            {
                return false; 
            } 
        }
 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public EncoderFallback EncoderFallback
        { 
            get
            { 
                return encoderFallback; 
            }
 
            set
            {
                if (this.IsReadOnly)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_ReadOnly")); 

                if (value == null) 
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 

                encoderFallback = value; 
            }
        }

 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public DecoderFallback DecoderFallback 
        { 
            get
            { 
                return decoderFallback;
            }

            set 
            {
                if (this.IsReadOnly) 
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_ReadOnly")); 

                if (value == null) 
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value");

                decoderFallback = value;
            } 
        }
 
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual Object Clone() 
        {
            Encoding newEncoding = (Encoding)this.MemberwiseClone();

            // New one should be readable 
            newEncoding.m_isReadOnly = false;
            return newEncoding; 
        } 

 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public bool IsReadOnly
        {
            get 
            {
                return (m_isReadOnly); 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the ASCII character set. The returned encoding
        // will be an instance of the ASCIIEncoding class.
        //
 
        public static Encoding ASCII
        { 
            get 
            {
                if (asciiEncoding == null) asciiEncoding = new ASCIIEncoding(); 
                return asciiEncoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the Latin1 character set. The returned encoding
        // will be an instance of the Latin1Encoding class. 
        // 
        // This is for our optimizations
        private static Encoding Latin1 
        {
            get
            {
                if (latin1Encoding == null) latin1Encoding = new Latin1Encoding(); 
                return latin1Encoding;
            } 
        } 

        // Returns the number of bytes required to encode the given character 
        // array.
        //

        public virtual int GetByteCount(char[] chars) 
        {
            if (chars == null) 
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            }

            return GetByteCount(chars, 0, chars.Length);
        } 

 
        public virtual int GetByteCount(String s) 
        {
            if (s==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s");

            char[] chars = s.ToCharArray();
            return GetByteCount(chars, 0, chars.Length); 

        } 
 
        // Returns the number of bytes required to encode a range of characters in
        // a character array. 
        //

        public abstract int GetByteCount(char[] chars, int index, int count);
 
        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS encodings
        // unfortunately for existing overrides, it has to call the [] version, 
        // which is really slow, so this method should be avoided if you're calling 
        // a 3rd party encoding.
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual unsafe int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count)
        { 
            // Validate input parameters
            if (chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars", 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
 
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            char[] arrChar = new char[count];
            int index; 
 
            for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
                arrChar[index] = chars[index]; 

            return GetByteCount(arrChar, 0, count);
        }
 
        // For NLS Encodings, workhorse takes an encoder (may be null)
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert. 
        internal virtual unsafe int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count, EncoderNLS encoder) 
        {
            return GetByteCount(chars, count); 
        }

        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of the given
        // character array. 
        //
 
        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(char[] chars) 
        {
            if (chars == null) 
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return GetBytes(chars, 0, chars.Length);
        } 
 
        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of a range
        // of characters in a character array. 
        //

        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(char[] chars, int index, int count)
        { 
            byte[] result = new byte[GetByteCount(chars, index, count)];
            GetBytes(chars, index, count, result, 0); 
            return result; 
        }
 
        // Encodes a range of characters in a character array into a range of bytes
        // in a byte array. An exception occurs if the byte array is not large
        // enough to hold the complete encoding of the characters. The
        // GetByteCount method can be used to determine the exact number of 
        // bytes that will be produced for a given range of characters.
        // Alternatively, the GetMaxByteCount method can be used to 
        // determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given 
        // number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.
        // 

        public abstract int GetBytes(char[] chars, int charIndex, int charCount,
            byte[] bytes, int byteIndex);
 
        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of the given
        // string. 
        // 

        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(String s) 
        {
            if (s == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_String")); 

            char[] chars = s.ToCharArray(); 
            return GetBytes(chars, 0, chars.Length); 
        }
 

        public virtual int GetBytes(String s, int charIndex, int charCount,
                                       byte[] bytes, int byteIndex)
        { 
            if (s==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s"); 
            return GetBytes(s.ToCharArray(), charIndex, charCount, bytes, byteIndex); 
        }
 
        // This is our internal workhorse
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert.
        internal virtual unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                                byte* bytes, int byteCount, EncoderNLS encoder) 
        {
            return GetBytes(chars, charCount, bytes, byteCount); 
        } 

        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing 
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)
        //
        // WARNING WARNING WARNING
        // 
        // WARNING: If this breaks it could be a security threat.  Obviously we
        // call this internally, so you need to make sure that your pointers, counts 
        // and indexes are correct when you call this method. 
        //
        // In addition, we have internal code, which will be marked as "safe" calling 
        // this code.  However this code is dependent upon the implimentation of an
        // external GetBytes() method, which could be overridden by a third party and
        // the results of which cannot be guaranteed.  We use that result to copy
        // the byte[] to our byte* output buffer.  If the result count was wrong, we 
        // could easily overflow our output buffer.  Therefore we do an extra test
        // when we copy the buffer so that we don't overflow byteCount either. 
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                              byte* bytes, int byteCount)
        {
            // Validate input parameters 
            if (bytes == null || chars == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(bytes == null ? "bytes" : "chars", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (charCount < 0 || byteCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charCount<0 ? "charCount" : "byteCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            // Get the char array to convert 
            char[] arrChar = new char[charCount];
 
            int index; 
            for (index = 0; index < charCount; index++)
                arrChar[index] = chars[index]; 

            // Get the byte array to fill
            byte[] arrByte = new byte[byteCount];
 
            // Do the work
            int result = GetBytes(arrChar, 0, charCount, arrByte, 0); 
 
            // The only way this could fail is a bug in GetBytes
            BCLDebug.Assert(result <= byteCount, "[Encoding.GetBytes]Returned more bytes than we have space for"); 

            // Copy the byte array
            // WARNING: We MUST make sure that we don't copy too many bytes.  We can't
            // rely on result because it could be a 3rd party implimentation.  We need 
            // to make sure we never copy more than byteCount bytes no matter the value
            // of result 
            if (result < byteCount) 
                byteCount = result;
 
            // Copy the data, don't overrun our array!
            for (index = 0; index < byteCount; index++)
                bytes[index] = arrByte[index];
 
            return byteCount;
        } 
 
        // Returns the number of characters produced by decoding the given byte
        // array. 
        //

        public virtual int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes)
        { 
            if (bytes == null)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return GetCharCount(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        }

        // Returns the number of characters produced by decoding a range of bytes 
        // in a byte array.
        // 
 
        public abstract int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count);
 
        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)

        [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count) 
        { 
            // Validate input parameters
            if (bytes == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            if (count < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
 
            byte[] arrbyte = new byte[count];
            int index; 

            for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
                arrbyte[index] = bytes[index];
 
            return GetCharCount(arrbyte, 0, count);
        } 
 
        // This is our internal workhorse
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert. 
        internal virtual unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count, DecoderNLS decoder)
        {
            return GetCharCount(bytes, count);
        } 

        // Returns a character array containing the decoded representation of a 
        // given byte array. 
        //
 
        public virtual char[] GetChars(byte[] bytes)
        {
            if (bytes == null)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            } 
            return GetChars(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        } 

        // Returns a character array containing the decoded representation of a
        // range of bytes in a byte array.
        // 

        public virtual char[] GetChars(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
        { 
            char[] result = new char[GetCharCount(bytes, index, count)];
            GetChars(bytes, index, count, result, 0); 
            return result;
        }

        // Decodes a range of bytes in a byte array into a range of characters in a 
        // character array. An exception occurs if the character array is not large
        // enough to hold the complete decoding of the bytes. The 
        // GetCharCount method can be used to determine the exact number of 
        // characters that will be produced for a given range of bytes.
        // Alternatively, the GetMaxCharCount method can be used to 
        // determine the maximum number of characterss that will be produced for a
        // given number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values.
        //
 
        public abstract int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount,
                                       char[] chars, int charIndex); 
 

        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing 
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)
        //
        // WARNING WARNING WARNING
        // 
        // WARNING: If this breaks it could be a security threat.  Obviously we
        // call this internally, so you need to make sure that your pointers, counts 
        // and indexes are correct when you call this method. 
        //
        // In addition, we have internal code, which will be marked as "safe" calling 
        // this code.  However this code is dependent upon the implimentation of an
        // external GetChars() method, which could be overridden by a third party and
        // the results of which cannot be guaranteed.  We use that result to copy
        // the char[] to our char* output buffer.  If the result count was wrong, we 
        // could easily overflow our output buffer.  Therefore we do an extra test
        // when we copy the buffer so that we don't overflow charCount either. 
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual unsafe int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount,
                                              char* chars, int charCount)
        {
            // Validate input parameters 
            if (chars == null || bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(chars == null ? "chars" : "bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (byteCount < 0 || charCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((byteCount<0 ? "byteCount" : "charCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            // Get the byte array to convert 
            byte[] arrByte = new byte[byteCount];
 
            int index; 
            for (index = 0; index < byteCount; index++)
                arrByte[index] = bytes[index]; 

            // Get the char array to fill
            char[] arrChar = new char[charCount];
 
            // Do the work
            int result = GetChars(arrByte, 0, byteCount, arrChar, 0); 
 
            // The only way this could fail is a bug in GetChars
            BCLDebug.Assert(result <= charCount, "[Encoding.GetChars]Returned more chars than we have space for"); 

            // Copy the char array
            // WARNING: We MUST make sure that we don't copy too many chars.  We can't
            // rely on result because it could be a 3rd party implimentation.  We need 
            // to make sure we never copy more than charCount chars no matter the value
            // of result 
            if (result < charCount) 
                charCount = result;
 
            // Copy the data, don't overrun our array!
            for (index = 0; index < charCount; index++)
                chars[index] = arrChar[index];
 
            return charCount;
        } 
 

        // This is our internal workhorse 
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert.
        internal virtual unsafe int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount,
                                                char* chars, int charCount, DecoderNLS decoder)
        { 
            return GetChars(bytes, byteCount, chars, charCount);
        } 
 
        // Returns the code page identifier of this encoding. The returned value is
        // an integer between 0 and 65535 if the encoding has a code page 
        // identifier, or -1 if the encoding does not represent a code page.
        //

        public virtual int CodePage 
        {
            get 
            { 
                return m_codePage;
            } 
        }

        // IsAlwaysNormalized
        // Returns true if the encoding is always normalized for the specified encoding form 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public bool IsAlwaysNormalized() 
        {
            return this.IsAlwaysNormalized(NormalizationForm.FormC); 
        }


        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual bool IsAlwaysNormalized(NormalizationForm form)
        { 
            // Assume false unless the encoding knows otherwise 
            return false;
        } 

        // Returns a Decoder object for this encoding. The returned object
        // can be used to decode a sequence of bytes into a sequence of characters.
        // Contrary to the GetChars family of methods, a Decoder can 
        // convert partial sequences of bytes into partial sequences of characters
        // by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions. 
        // 
        // This default implementation returns a Decoder that simply
        // forwards calls to the GetCharCount and GetChars methods to 
        // the corresponding methods of this encoding. Encodings that require state
        // to be maintained between successive conversions should override this
        // method and return an instance of an appropriate Decoder
        // implementation. 
        //
 
        public virtual Decoder GetDecoder() 
        {
            return new DefaultDecoder(this); 
        }

        private static Encoding CreateDefaultEncoding()
        { 
            Encoding enc;
            int codePage = Win32Native.GetACP(); 
 
            // For US English, we can save some startup working set by not calling
            // GetEncoding(int codePage) since JITting GetEncoding will force us to load 
            // all the Encoding classes for ASCII, UTF7 & UTF8, & UnicodeEncoding.
            if (codePage == 1252)
                enc = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codePage);
            else 
                enc = GetEncoding(codePage);
 
            return (enc); 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the system's current ANSI code page.
        //

        public static Encoding Default { 
            get {
                if (defaultEncoding == null) { 
                    defaultEncoding = CreateDefaultEncoding(); 
                }
                return defaultEncoding; 
            }
        }

        // Returns an Encoder object for this encoding. The returned object 
        // can be used to encode a sequence of characters into a sequence of bytes.
        // Contrary to the GetBytes family of methods, an Encoder can 
        // convert partial sequences of characters into partial sequences of bytes 
        // by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions.
        // 
        // This default implementation returns an Encoder that simply
        // forwards calls to the GetByteCount and GetBytes methods to
        // the corresponding methods of this encoding. Encodings that require state
        // to be maintained between successive conversions should override this 
        // method and return an instance of an appropriate Encoder
        // implementation. 
        // 

        public virtual Encoder GetEncoder() 
        {
            return new DefaultEncoder(this);
        }
 
        // Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode a given number of
        // characters. This method can be used to determine an appropriate buffer 
        // size for byte arrays passed to the GetBytes method of this 
        // encoding or the GetBytes method of an Encoder for this
        // encoding. All encodings must guarantee that no buffer overflow 
        // exceptions will occur if buffers are sized according to the results of
        // this method.
        //
        // WARNING: If you're using something besides the default replacement encoder fallback, 
        // then you could have more bytes than this returned from an actual call to GetBytes().
        // 
 
        public abstract int GetMaxByteCount(int charCount);
 
        // Returns the maximum number of characters produced by decoding a given
        // number of bytes. This method can be used to determine an appropriate
        // buffer size for character arrays passed to the GetChars method of
        // this encoding or the GetChars method of a Decoder for this 
        // encoding. All encodings must guarantee that no buffer overflow
        // exceptions will occur if buffers are sized according to the results of 
        // this method. 
        //
 
        public abstract int GetMaxCharCount(int byteCount);

        // Returns a string containing the decoded representation of a given byte
        // array. 
        //
 
        public virtual String GetString(byte[] bytes) 
        {
            if (bytes == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            return GetString(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
        }
 
        // Returns a string containing the decoded representation of a range of 
        // bytes in a byte array.
        // 
        // Internally we override this for performance
        //

        public virtual String GetString(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
        {
            return new String(GetChars(bytes, index, count)); 
        } 

        // Returns an encoding for Unicode format. The returned encoding will be 
        // an instance of the UnicodeEncoding class.
        //
        // It will use little endian byte order, but will detect
        // input in big endian if it finds a byte order mark per Unicode 2.0. 
        //
 
        public static Encoding Unicode { 
            get {
                if (unicodeEncoding == null) unicodeEncoding = new UnicodeEncoding(false, true); 
                return unicodeEncoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for Unicode format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UnicodeEncoding class. 
        // 
        // It will use big endian byte order, but will detect
        // input in little endian if it finds a byte order mark per Unicode 2.0. 
        //

        public static Encoding BigEndianUnicode {
            get { 
                if (bigEndianUnicode == null) bigEndianUnicode = new UnicodeEncoding(true, true);
                return bigEndianUnicode; 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-7 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF7Encoding class.
        //
 
        public static Encoding UTF7 {
            get { 
                if (utf7Encoding == null) utf7Encoding = new UTF7Encoding(); 
                return utf7Encoding;
            } 
        }

        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-8 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF8Encoding class. 
        //
 
        public static Encoding UTF8 { 
            get {
                if (utf8Encoding == null) utf8Encoding = new UTF8Encoding(true); 
                return utf8Encoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-32 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF32Encoding class. 
        // 

        public static Encoding UTF32 { 
            get {
                if (utf32Encoding == null) utf32Encoding = new UTF32Encoding(false, true);
                return utf32Encoding;
            } 
        }
 
 
        public override bool Equals(Object value) {
            Encoding that = value as Encoding; 
            if (that != null)
                return (m_codePage == that.m_codePage) &&
                       (EncoderFallback.Equals(that.EncoderFallback)) &&
                       (DecoderFallback.Equals(that.DecoderFallback)); 
            return (false);
        } 
 

        public override int GetHashCode() { 
            return m_codePage + this.EncoderFallback.GetHashCode() + this.DecoderFallback.GetHashCode();
        }

        internal virtual char[] GetBestFitUnicodeToBytesData() 
        {
            // Normally we don't have any best fit data. 
            return new char[0]; 
        }
 
        internal virtual char[] GetBestFitBytesToUnicodeData()
        {
            // Normally we don't have any best fit data.
            return new char[0]; 
        }
 
        internal void ThrowBytesOverflow() 
        {
            // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
            // This happens if user has implimented an encoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
            throw new ArgumentException(
                Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncodingConversionOverflowBytes",
                EncodingName, EncoderFallback.GetType()), "bytes"); 
        }
 
        internal void ThrowBytesOverflow(EncoderNLS encoder, bool nothingEncoded) 
        {
            if (encoder == null || encoder.m_throwOnOverflow || nothingEncoded) 
            {
                if (encoder != null && encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer)
                    encoder.FallbackBuffer.InternalReset();
                // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
                // This happens if user has implimented an encoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
                ThrowBytesOverflow(); 
            } 

            // If we didn't throw, we are in convert and have to remember our flushing 
            encoder.ClearMustFlush();
        }

        internal void ThrowCharsOverflow() 
        {
            // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
            // This happens if user has implimented a decoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount 
            throw new ArgumentException(
                Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncodingConversionOverflowChars", 
                EncodingName, DecoderFallback.GetType()), "chars");
        }

        internal void ThrowCharsOverflow(DecoderNLS decoder, bool nothingDecoded) 
        {
            if (decoder == null || decoder.m_throwOnOverflow || nothingDecoded) 
            { 
                if (decoder != null && decoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer)
                    decoder.FallbackBuffer.InternalReset(); 

                // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken
                // This happens if user has implimented a decoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
                ThrowCharsOverflow(); 
            }
 
            // If we didn't throw, we are in convert and have to remember our flushing 
            decoder.ClearMustFlush();
        } 

        [Serializable]
        internal class DefaultEncoder : Encoder, ISerializable, IObjectReference
        { 
            private Encoding m_encoding;
 
            [NonSerialized] internal char charLeftOver; 

            public DefaultEncoder(Encoding encoding) 
            {
                m_encoding = encoding;
            }
 
            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett
            internal DefaultEncoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
 
                // All we have is our encoding
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding));

                try 
                {
                    this.m_fallback     = (EncoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback",   typeof(EncoderFallback)); 
                    this.charLeftOver   = (Char)            info.GetValue("charLeftOver", typeof(Char)); 
                }
                catch (SerializationException) 
                {
                }
            }
 
            // Just get it from GetEncoding
            public Object GetRealObject(StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                Encoder encoder = m_encoding.GetEncoder();
                if (m_fallback != null) 
                    encoder.m_fallback = m_fallback;
                if (charLeftOver != (char) 0)
                {
                    EncoderNLS encoderNls = encoder as EncoderNLS; 
                    if (encoderNls != null)
                        encoderNls.charLeftOver = charLeftOver; 
                } 
                return encoder;
            } 

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            {
                // Any info? 
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // All we have is our encoding 
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding);
            }

            // Returns the number of bytes the next call to GetBytes will 
            // produce if presented with the given range of characters and the given
            // value of the flush parameter. The returned value takes into 
            // account the state in which the encoder was left following the last call 
            // to GetBytes. The state of the encoder is not affected by a call
            // to this method. 
            //

            public override int GetByteCount(char[] chars, int index, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetByteCount(chars, index, count);
            } 
 
            public unsafe override int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetByteCount(chars, count);
            }

            // Encodes a range of characters in a character array into a range of bytes 
            // in a byte array. The method encodes charCount characters from
            // chars starting at index charIndex, storing the resulting 
            // bytes in bytes starting at index byteIndex. The encoding 
            // takes into account the state in which the encoder was left following the
            // last call to this method. The flush parameter indicates whether 
            // the encoder should flush any shift-states and partial characters at the
            // end of the conversion. To ensure correct termination of a sequence of
            // blocks of encoded bytes, the last call to GetBytes should specify
            // a value of true for the flush parameter. 
            //
            // An exception occurs if the byte array is not large enough to hold the 
            // complete encoding of the characters. The GetByteCount method can 
            // be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be produced for
            // a given range of characters. Alternatively, the GetMaxByteCount 
            // method of the Encoding that produced this encoder can be used to
            // determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given
            // number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.
            // 

            public override int GetBytes(char[] chars, int charIndex, int charCount, 
                                          byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetBytes(chars, charIndex, charCount, bytes, byteIndex); 
            }

            public unsafe override int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                                 byte* bytes, int byteCount, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetBytes(chars, charCount, bytes, byteCount); 
            } 
        }
 
        [Serializable()]
        internal class DefaultDecoder : Decoder, ISerializable, IObjectReference
        {
            private Encoding m_encoding; 

            public DefaultDecoder(Encoding encoding) 
            { 
                m_encoding = encoding;
            } 

            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett
            internal DefaultDecoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 
 
                // All we have is our encoding
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding)); 

                try
                {
                    this.m_fallback = (DecoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback", typeof(DecoderFallback)); 
                }
                catch (SerializationException) 
                { 
                    m_fallback = null;
                } 
            }

            // Just get it from GetEncoding
            public Object GetRealObject(StreamingContext context) 
            {
                Decoder decoder = m_encoding.GetDecoder(); 
                if (m_fallback != null) 
                    decoder.m_fallback = m_fallback;
 
                return decoder;
            }

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object 
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // All we have is our encoding
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding);
            } 

            // Returns the number of characters the next call to GetChars will 
            // produce if presented with the given range of bytes. The returned value 
            // takes into account the state in which the decoder was left following the
            // last call to GetChars. The state of the decoder is not affected 
            // by a call to this method.
            //

            public override int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
            {
                return GetCharCount(bytes, index, count, false); 
            } 

            public override int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetCharCount(bytes, index, count);
            }
 
            public unsafe override int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                // By default just call the encoding version, no flush by default 
                return m_encoding.GetCharCount(bytes, count);
            } 

            // Decodes a range of bytes in a byte array into a range of characters
            // in a character array. The method decodes byteCount bytes from
            // bytes starting at index byteIndex, storing the resulting 
            // characters in chars starting at index charIndex. The
            // decoding takes into account the state in which the decoder was left 
            // following the last call to this method. 
            //
            // An exception occurs if the character array is not large enough to 
            // hold the complete decoding of the bytes. The GetCharCount method
            // can be used to determine the exact number of characters that will be
            // produced for a given range of bytes. Alternatively, the
            // GetMaxCharCount method of the Encoding that produced this 
            // decoder can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that
            // will be produced for a given number of bytes, regardless of the actual 
            // byte values. 
            //
 
            public override int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount,
                                           char[] chars, int charIndex)
            {
                return GetChars(bytes, byteIndex, byteCount, chars, charIndex, false); 
            }
 
            public override int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount, 
                                           char[] chars, int charIndex, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetChars(bytes, byteIndex, byteCount, chars, charIndex);
            }

            public unsafe override int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount, 
                                                  char* chars, int charCount, bool flush)
            { 
                // By default just call the encoding's version 
                return m_encoding.GetChars(bytes, byteCount, chars, charCount);
            } 
        }

        internal class EncodingCharBuffer
        { 
            unsafe char* chars;
            unsafe char* charStart; 
            unsafe char* charEnd; 
            int          charCountResult = 0;
            Encoding     enc; 
            DecoderNLS   decoder;
            unsafe byte* byteStart;
            unsafe byte* byteEnd;
            unsafe byte* bytes; 
            DecoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer;
 
            internal unsafe EncodingCharBuffer(Encoding enc, DecoderNLS decoder, char* charStart, int charCount, 
                                                    byte* byteStart, int byteCount)
            { 
                this.enc = enc;
                this.decoder = decoder;

                this.chars = charStart; 
                this.charStart = charStart;
                this.charEnd = charStart + charCount; 
 
                this.byteStart = byteStart;
                this.bytes = byteStart; 
                this.byteEnd = byteStart + byteCount;

                if (this.decoder == null)
                    this.fallbackBuffer = enc.DecoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                else
                    this.fallbackBuffer = this.decoder.FallbackBuffer; 
 
                // If we're getting chars or getting char count we don't expect to have
                // to remember fallbacks between calls (so it should be empty) 
                BCLDebug.Assert(fallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0,
                    "[Encoding.EncodingCharBuffer.EncodingCharBuffer]Expected empty fallback buffer for getchars/charcount");
                fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(bytes, charEnd);
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch, int numBytes) 
            { 
                if (chars != null)
                { 
                    if (chars >= charEnd)
                    {
                        // Throw maybe
                        bytes-=numBytes;                                        // Didn't encode these bytes 
                        enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, bytes <= byteStart);    // Throw?
                        return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either 
                    } 

                    *(chars++) = ch; 
                }
                charCountResult++;
                return true;
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch) 
            { 
                return AddChar(ch,1);
            } 


            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch1, char ch2, int numBytes)
            { 
                // Need room for 2 chars
                if (chars >= charEnd - 1) 
                { 
                    // Throw maybe
                    bytes-=numBytes;                                        // Didn't encode these bytes 
                    enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, bytes <= byteStart);    // Throw?
                    return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either
                }
                return AddChar(ch1, numBytes) && AddChar(ch2, numBytes); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe void AdjustBytes(int count) 
            {
                bytes += count; 
            }

            internal unsafe bool MoreData
            { 
                get
                { 
                    return bytes < byteEnd; 
                }
            } 

            // Do we have count more bytes?
            internal unsafe bool EvenMoreData(int count)
            { 
                return (bytes <= byteEnd - count);
            } 
 
            // GetNextByte shouldn't be called unless the caller's already checked more data or even more data,
            // but we'll double check just to make sure. 
            internal unsafe byte GetNextByte()
            {
                BCLDebug.Assert(bytes < byteEnd, "[EncodingCharBuffer.GetNextByte]Expected more date");
                if (bytes >= byteEnd) 
                    return 0;
                return *(bytes++); 
            } 

            internal unsafe int BytesUsed 
            {
                get
                {
                    return (int)(bytes - byteStart); 
                }
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte fallbackByte)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { fallbackByte };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte byte1, byte byte2)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { byte1, byte2 };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte byte1, byte byte2, byte byte3, byte byte4)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { byte1, byte2, byte3, byte4 };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte[] byteBuffer)
            { 
                // Do the fallback and add the data.
                if (chars != null)
                {
                    char* pTemp = chars; 
                    if (fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(byteBuffer, bytes, ref chars) == false)
                    { 
                        // Throw maybe 
                        bytes -= byteBuffer.Length;                             // Didn't use how many ever bytes we're falling back
                        fallbackBuffer.InternalReset();                         // We didn't use this fallback. 
                        enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, chars == charStart);    // Throw?
                        return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either
                    }
                    charCountResult += unchecked((int)(chars - pTemp)); 
                }
                else 
                { 
                    charCountResult += fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(byteBuffer, bytes);
                } 

                return true;
            }
 
            internal unsafe int Count
            { 
                get 
                {
                    return charCountResult; 
                }
            }
        }
 
        internal class EncodingByteBuffer
        { 
            unsafe byte* bytes; 
            unsafe byte* byteStart;
            unsafe byte* byteEnd; 
            unsafe char* chars;
            unsafe char* charStart;
            unsafe char* charEnd;
            int          byteCountResult = 0; 
            Encoding     enc;
            EncoderNLS   encoder; 
            internal EncoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer; 

            internal unsafe EncodingByteBuffer(Encoding inEncoding, EncoderNLS inEncoder, 
                        byte* inByteStart, int inByteCount, char* inCharStart, int inCharCount)
            {
                this.enc = inEncoding;
                this.encoder = inEncoder; 

                this.charStart = inCharStart; 
                this.chars = inCharStart; 
                this.charEnd = inCharStart + inCharCount;
 
                this.bytes = inByteStart;
                this.byteStart = inByteStart;
                this.byteEnd = inByteStart + inByteCount;
 
                if (this.encoder == null)
                    this.fallbackBuffer = enc.EncoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                else 
                {
                    this.fallbackBuffer = this.encoder.FallbackBuffer; 
                    // If we're not converting we must not have data in our fallback buffer
                    if (encoder.m_throwOnOverflow && encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer &&
                        this.fallbackBuffer.Remaining > 0)
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncoderFallbackNotEmpty", 
                            encoder.Encoding.EncodingName, encoder.Fallback.GetType()));
                } 
                fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, charEnd, encoder, bytes != null); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b, int moreBytesExpected)
            {
                BCLDebug.Assert(moreBytesExpected >= 0, "[EncodingByteBuffer.AddByte]expected non-negative moreBytesExpected");
                if (bytes != null) 
                {
                    if (bytes >= byteEnd - moreBytesExpected) 
                    { 
                        // Throw maybe.  Check which buffer to back up (only matters if Converting)
                        this.MovePrevious(true);            // Throw if necessary 
                        return false;                       // No throw, but no store either
                    }

                    *(bytes++) = b; 
                }
                byteCountResult++; 
                return true; 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 0));
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2) 
            { 
                return (AddByte(b1, b2, 0));
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, int moreBytesExpected)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 1 + moreBytesExpected) && AddByte(b2, moreBytesExpected)); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3) 
            {
                return AddByte(b1, b2, b3, (int)0); 
            }

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3, int moreBytesExpected)
            { 
                return (AddByte(b1, 2 + moreBytesExpected) &&
                        AddByte(b2, 1 + moreBytesExpected) && 
                        AddByte(b3, moreBytesExpected)); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3, byte b4)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 3) &&
                        AddByte(b2, 2) && 
                        AddByte(b3, 1) &&
                        AddByte(b4, 0)); 
            } 

            internal unsafe void MovePrevious(bool bThrow) 
            {
                if (fallbackBuffer.bFallingBack)
                    fallbackBuffer.MovePrevious();                      // don't use last fallback
                else 
                {
                    BCLDebug.Assert(chars > charStart || 
                        ((bThrow == true) && (bytes == byteStart)), 
                        "[EncodingByteBuffer.MovePrevious]expected previous data or throw");
                    if (chars > charStart) 
                        chars--;                                        // don't use last char
                }

                if (bThrow) 
                    enc.ThrowBytesOverflow(encoder, bytes == byteStart);    // Throw? (and reset fallback if not converting)
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(char charFallback)
            { 
                // Do the fallback
                return fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(charFallback, ref chars);
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool MoreData
            { 
                get 
                {
                    // See if fallbackBuffer is not empty or if there's data left in chars buffer. 
                    return ((fallbackBuffer.Remaining > 0) || (chars < charEnd));
                }
            }
 
            internal unsafe char GetNextChar()
            { 
                 // See if there's something in our fallback buffer 
                char cReturn = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar();
 
                // Nothing in the fallback buffer, return our normal data.
                if (cReturn == 0)
                {
                    if (chars < charEnd) 
                        cReturn = *(chars++);
                } 
 
                return cReturn;
             } 

            internal unsafe int CharsUsed
            {
                get 
                {
                    return (int)(chars - charStart); 
                } 
            }
 
            internal unsafe int Count
            {
                get
                { 
                    return byteCountResult;
                } 
            } 
        }
    } 
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 
namespace System.Text
{ 
    using System; 
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Runtime.Remoting; 
    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.Security.Permissions;
    using System.Threading; 
    using System.Text;
    using Win32Native = Microsoft.Win32.Win32Native; 
 
    // This abstract base class represents a character encoding. The class provides
    // methods to convert arrays and strings of Unicode characters to and from 
    // arrays of bytes. A number of Encoding implementations are provided in
    // the System.Text package, including:
    //
    // ASCIIEncoding, which encodes Unicode characters as single 7-bit 
    // ASCII characters. This encoding only supports character values between 0x00
    //     and 0x7F. 
    // BaseCodePageEncoding, which encapsulates a Windows code page. Any 
    //     installed code page can be accessed through this encoding, and conversions
    //     are performed using the WideCharToMultiByte and 
    //     MultiByteToWideChar Windows API functions.
    // UnicodeEncoding, which encodes each Unicode character as two
    //    consecutive bytes. Both little-endian (code page 1200) and big-endian (code
    //    page 1201) encodings are recognized. 
    // UTF7Encoding, which encodes Unicode characters using the UTF-7
    //     encoding (UTF-7 stands for UCS Transformation Format, 7-bit form). This 
    //     encoding supports all Unicode character values, and can also be accessed 
    //     as code page 65000.
    // UTF8Encoding, which encodes Unicode characters using the UTF-8 
    //     encoding (UTF-8 stands for UCS Transformation Format, 8-bit form). This
    //     encoding supports all Unicode character values, and can also be accessed
    //     as code page 65001.
    // UTF32Encoding, both 12000 (little endian) & 12001 (big endian) 
    //
    // In addition to directly instantiating Encoding objects, an 
    // application can use the ForCodePage, GetASCII, 
    // GetDefault, GetUnicode, GetUTF7, and GetUTF8
    // methods in this class to obtain encodings. 
    //
    // Through an encoding, the GetBytes method is used to convert arrays
    // of characters to arrays of bytes, and the GetChars method is used to
    // convert arrays of bytes to arrays of characters. The GetBytes and 
    // GetChars methods maintain no state between conversions, and are
    // generally intended for conversions of complete blocks of bytes and 
    // characters in one operation. When the data to be converted is only available 
    // in sequential blocks (such as data read from a stream) or when the amount of
    // data is so large that it needs to be divided into smaller blocks, an 
    // application may choose to use a Decoder or an Encoder to
    // perform the conversion. Decoders and encoders allow sequential blocks of
    // data to be converted and they maintain the state required to support
    // conversions of data that spans adjacent blocks. Decoders and encoders are 
    // obtained using the GetDecoder and GetEncoder methods.
    // 
    // The core GetBytes and GetChars methods require the caller 
    // to provide the destination buffer and ensure that the buffer is large enough
    // to hold the entire result of the conversion. When using these methods, 
    // either directly on an Encoding object or on an associated
    // Decoder or Encoder, an application can use one of two methods
    // to allocate destination buffers.
    // 
    // The GetByteCount and GetCharCount methods can be used to
    // compute the exact size of the result of a particular conversion, and an 
    // appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. 
    // The GetMaxByteCount and GetMaxCharCount methods can be
    // be used to compute the maximum possible size of a conversion of a given 
    // number of bytes or characters, and a buffer of that size can then be reused
    // for multiple conversions.
    //
    // The first method generally uses less memory, whereas the second method 
    // generally executes faster.
    // 
 
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
    [Serializable()] public abstract class Encoding : ICloneable 
    {
        private static Encoding defaultEncoding;
        private static Encoding unicodeEncoding;
        private static Encoding bigEndianUnicode; 
        private static Encoding utf7Encoding;
        private static Encoding utf8Encoding; 
        private static Encoding utf32Encoding; 
        private static Encoding asciiEncoding;
        private static Encoding latin1Encoding; 
        private static Hashtable encodings;

        //
        // The following values are from mlang.idl.  These values 
        // should be in [....] with those in mlang.idl.
        // 
        private const int MIMECONTF_MAILNEWS          = 0x00000001; 
        private const int MIMECONTF_BROWSER           = 0x00000002;
        private const int MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_MAILNEWS  = 0x00000100; 
        private const int MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_BROWSER   = 0x00000200;

        // Special Case Code Pages
        private const int CodePageDefault       = 0; 
        private const int CodePageNoOEM         = 1;        // OEM Code page not supported
        private const int CodePageNoMac         = 2;        // MAC code page not supported 
        private const int CodePageNoThread      = 3;        // Thread code page not supported 
        private const int CodePageNoSymbol      = 42;       // Symbol code page not supported
        private const int CodePageUnicode       = 1200;     // Unicode 
        private const int CodePageBigEndian     = 1201;     // Big Endian Unicode
        private const int CodePageWindows1252   = 1252;     // Windows 1252 code page

        // 20936 has same code page as 10008, so we'll special case it 
        private const int CodePageMacGB2312 = 10008;
        private const int CodePageGB2312    = 20936; 
        private const int CodePageMacKorean = 10003; 
        private const int CodePageDLLKorean = 20949;
 
        // ISO 2022 Code Pages
        private const int ISO2022JP         = 50220;
        private const int ISO2022JPESC      = 50221;
        private const int ISO2022JPSISO     = 50222; 
        private const int ISOKorean         = 50225;
        private const int ISOSimplifiedCN   = 50227; 
        private const int EUCJP             = 51932; 
        private const int ChineseHZ         = 52936;    // HZ has ~}~{~~ sequences
 
        // 51936 is the same as 936
        private const int DuplicateEUCCN    = 51936;
        private const int EUCCN             = 936;
 
        private const int EUCKR             = 51949;
 
        // Latin 1 & ASCII Code Pages 
        internal const int CodePageASCII    = 20127;    // ASCII
        internal const int ISO_8859_1       = 28591;    // Latin1 

        // ISCII
        private const int ISCIIAssemese     = 57006;
        private const int ISCIIBengali      = 57003; 
        private const int ISCIIDevanagari   = 57002;
        private const int ISCIIGujarathi    = 57010; 
        private const int ISCIIKannada      = 57008; 
        private const int ISCIIMalayalam    = 57009;
        private const int ISCIIOriya        = 57007; 
        private const int ISCIIPanjabi      = 57011;
        private const int ISCIITamil        = 57004;
        private const int ISCIITelugu       = 57005;
 
        // GB18030
        private const int GB18030           = 54936; 
 
        // Other
        private const int ISO_8859_8I       = 38598; 
        private const int ISO_8859_8_Visual = 28598;

        // 50229 is currently unsupported // "Chinese Traditional (ISO-2022)"
        private const int ENC50229          = 50229; 

        // Special code pages 
        private const int CodePageUTF7      = 65000; 
        private const int CodePageUTF8      = 65001;
        private const int CodePageUTF32     = 12000; 
        private const int CodePageUTF32BE   = 12001;

        internal int m_codePage = 0;
 
        // dataItem should be internal (not private). otherwise it will break during the deserialization
        // of the data came from Everett 
        internal CodePageDataItem dataItem = null; 

        [NonSerialized] 
        internal bool m_deserializedFromEverett = false;

        // Because of encoders we may be read only
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)] 
        private bool m_isReadOnly = true;
 
        // Encoding (encoder) fallback 
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)]
        internal EncoderFallback encoderFallback = null; 
        [OptionalField(VersionAdded = 2)]
        internal DecoderFallback decoderFallback = null;

        // Useful for Encodings whose GetPreamble method must return an 
        // empty byte array.
        internal static readonly byte[] emptyByteArray = new byte[0]; 
 

        protected Encoding() : this(0) 
        {
        }

 
        protected Encoding(int codePage)
        { 
            // Validate code page 
            if (codePage < 0)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("codePage");
            }

            // Remember code page 
            m_codePage = codePage;
 
            // Use default encoder/decoder fallbacks 
            this.SetDefaultFallbacks();
        } 

        // Default fallback that we'll use.
        internal virtual void SetDefaultFallbacks()
        { 
            // For UTF-X encodings, we use a replacement fallback with an empty string,
            // For ASCII we use "?" replacement fallback, etc. 
            this.encoderFallback = new InternalEncoderBestFitFallback(this); 
            this.decoderFallback = new InternalDecoderBestFitFallback(this);
        } 


#region Serialization
        internal void OnDeserializing() 
        {
            // intialize the optional Whidbey fields 
            encoderFallback = null; 
            decoderFallback = null;
            m_isReadOnly    = true; 
        }

        internal void OnDeserialized()
        { 
            if (encoderFallback == null || decoderFallback == null)
            { 
                m_deserializedFromEverett = true; 
                SetDefaultFallbacks();
            } 

            // dataItem is always recalculated from the code page #
            dataItem = null;
        } 

        [OnDeserializing] 
        private void OnDeserializing(StreamingContext ctx) 
        {
            OnDeserializing(); 
        }


        [OnDeserialized] 
        private void OnDeserialized(StreamingContext ctx)
        { 
            OnDeserialized(); 
        }
 
        [OnSerializing]
        private void OnSerializing(StreamingContext ctx)
        {
            // to be consistent with SerializeEncoding 
            dataItem = null;
        } 
 
        // the following two methods are used for the inherited classes which implemented ISerializable
        // Deserialization Helper 
        internal void DeserializeEncoding(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        {
            // Any info?
            if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

            // All versions have a code page 
            this.m_codePage = (int)info.GetValue("m_codePage", typeof(int)); 

            // We can get dataItem on the fly if needed, and the index is different between versions 
            // so ignore whatever dataItem data we get from Everett.
            this.dataItem   = null;

            // See if we have a code page 
            try
            { 
                // 
                // Try Whidbey V2.0 Fields
                // 

                this.m_isReadOnly = (bool)info.GetValue("m_isReadOnly", typeof(bool));

                this.encoderFallback = (EncoderFallback)info.GetValue("encoderFallback", typeof(EncoderFallback)); 
                this.decoderFallback = (DecoderFallback)info.GetValue("decoderFallback", typeof(DecoderFallback));
            } 
            catch (SerializationException) 
            {
                // 
                // Didn't have Whidbey things, must be Everett
                //
                this.m_deserializedFromEverett = true;
 
                // May as well be read only
                this.m_isReadOnly = true; 
                SetDefaultFallbacks(); 
            }
        } 

        // Serialization Helper
        internal void SerializeEncoding(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        { 
            // Any Info?
            if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 
 
            // These are new V2.0 Whidbey stuff
            info.AddValue("m_isReadOnly", this.m_isReadOnly); 
            info.AddValue("encoderFallback", this.EncoderFallback);
            info.AddValue("decoderFallback", this.DecoderFallback);

            // These were in Everett V1.1 as well 
            info.AddValue("m_codePage", this.m_codePage);
 
            // This was unique to Everett V1.1 
            info.AddValue("dataItem", (CodePageDataItem)null);
 
            // Everett duplicated these fields, so these are needed for portability
            info.AddValue("Encoding+m_codePage", this.m_codePage);
            info.AddValue("Encoding+dataItem", (CodePageDataItem)null);
        } 

#endregion Serialization 
 
        // Converts a byte array from one encoding to another. The bytes in the
        // bytes array are converted from srcEncoding to 
        // dstEncoding, and the returned value is a new byte array
        // containing the result of the conversion.
        //
 
        public static byte[] Convert(Encoding srcEncoding, Encoding dstEncoding,
            byte[] bytes) { 
            if (bytes==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes");
            return Convert(srcEncoding, dstEncoding, bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
        }

        // Converts a range of bytes in a byte array from one encoding to another.
        // This method converts count bytes from bytes starting at 
        // index index from srcEncoding to dstEncoding, and
        // returns a new byte array containing the result of the conversion. 
        // 

        public static byte[] Convert(Encoding srcEncoding, Encoding dstEncoding, 
            byte[] bytes, int index, int count) {
            if (srcEncoding == null || dstEncoding == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException((srcEncoding == null ? "srcEncoding" : "dstEncoding"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            }
            if (bytes == null) { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return dstEncoding.GetBytes(srcEncoding.GetChars(bytes, index, count));
        }

        // Private object for locking instead of locking on a public type for SQL reliability work. 
        private static Object s_InternalSyncObject;
        private static Object InternalSyncObject { 
            get { 
                if (s_InternalSyncObject == null) {
                    Object o = new Object(); 
                    Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref s_InternalSyncObject, o, null);
                }
                return s_InternalSyncObject;
            } 
        }
 
 
        public static Encoding GetEncoding(int codepage)
        { 
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be get by codepage, be sure to
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable.
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call 
            // EncodingTable.GetDataItem().
            // 
            if (codepage < 0 || codepage > 65535) { 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
                    "codepage", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Range", 
                        0, 65535));
            }

            // Our Encoding 
            Encoding result = null;
 
            // See if we have a hash table with our encoding in it already. 
            if (encodings != null)
                result = (Encoding)encodings[codepage]; 

            if (result == null)
            {
                // Don't conflict with ourselves 
                lock (InternalSyncObject)
                { 
                    // Need a new hash table 
                    if (encodings == null) encodings = new Hashtable();
 
                    // Double check that we don't have one in the table (in case another thread beat us here)
                    if ((result = (Encoding)encodings[codepage])!=null)
                        return result;
 
                    // Special case the commonly used Encoding classes here, then call
                    // GetEncodingRare to avoid loading classes like MLangCodePageEncoding 
                    // and ASCIIEncoding.  ASP.NET uses UTF-8 & ISO-8859-1. 
                    switch (codepage)
                    { 
                        case CodePageDefault:                   // 0, default code page
                            result = Encoding.Default;
                            break;
                        case CodePageUnicode:                   // 1200, Unicode 
                            result = Unicode;
                            break; 
                        case CodePageBigEndian:                 // 1201, big endian unicode 
                            result = BigEndianUnicode;
                            break; 
                        case CodePageWindows1252:               // 1252, Windows
                            result = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage);
                            break;
                        case CodePageUTF8:                      // 65001, UTF8 
                            result = UTF8;
                            break; 
 
                        // These are (hopefully) not very common, but also shouldn't slow us down much and make default
                        // case able to handle more code pages by calling GetEncodingCodePage 
                        case CodePageNoOEM:             // 1
                        case CodePageNoMac:             // 2
                        case CodePageNoThread:          // 3
                        case CodePageNoSymbol:          // 42 
                            // Win32 also allows the following special code page values.  We won't allow them except in the
                            // CP_ACP case. 
                            // #define CP_ACP                    0           // default to ANSI code page 
                            // #define CP_OEMCP                  1           // default to OEM  code page
                            // #define CP_MACCP                  2           // default to MAC  code page 
                            // #define CP_THREAD_ACP             3           // current thread's ANSI code page
                            // #define CP_SYMBOL                 42          // SYMBOL translations
                            throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString(
                                "Argument_CodepageNotSupported", codepage), "codepage"); 

                        // Have to do ASCII and Latin 1 first so they don't get loaded as code pages 
                        case CodePageASCII:             // 20127 
                            result = ASCII;
                            break; 
                        case ISO_8859_1:                // 28591
                            result = Latin1;
                            break;
                        default: 
                        {
                            // 1st assume its a code page. 
                            result = GetEncodingCodePage(codepage); 
                            if (result == null)
                                result = GetEncodingRare(codepage); 
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    encodings.Add(codepage, result); 
                }
 
            } 
            return result;
        } 


        public static Encoding GetEncoding(int codepage,
            EncoderFallback encoderFallback, DecoderFallback decoderFallback) 
        {
            // Get the default encoding (which is cached and read only) 
            Encoding baseEncoding = GetEncoding(codepage); 

            // Clone it and set the fallback 
            Encoding fallbackEncoding = (Encoding)baseEncoding.Clone();
            fallbackEncoding.EncoderFallback = encoderFallback;
            fallbackEncoding.DecoderFallback = decoderFallback;
 
            return fallbackEncoding;
        } 
 
        private static Encoding GetEncodingRare(int codepage)
        { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(codepage != 0 && codepage != 1200 && codepage != 1201 && codepage != 65001,
                "[Encoding.GetEncodingRare]This code page (" + codepage + ") isn't supported by GetEncodingRare!");
            Encoding result;
            switch (codepage) 
            {
                case CodePageUTF7:              // 65000 
                    result = UTF7; 
                    break;
                case CodePageUTF32:             // 12000 
                    result = UTF32;
                    break;
                case CodePageUTF32BE:           // 12001
                    result = new UTF32Encoding(true, true); 
                    break;
                case ISCIIAssemese: 
                case ISCIIBengali: 
                case ISCIIDevanagari:
                case ISCIIGujarathi: 
                case ISCIIKannada:
                case ISCIIMalayalam:
                case ISCIIOriya:
                case ISCIIPanjabi: 
                case ISCIITamil:
                case ISCIITelugu: 
                    result = new ISCIIEncoding(codepage); 
                    break;
                // GB2312-80 uses same code page for 20936 and mac 10008 
                case CodePageMacGB2312:
          //     case CodePageGB2312:
          //        result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, EUCCN);
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePageMacGB2312, CodePageGB2312); 
                    break;
 
                // Mac Korean 10003 and 20949 are the same 
                case CodePageMacKorean:
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePageMacKorean, CodePageDLLKorean); 
                    break;
                // GB18030 Code Pages
                case GB18030:
                    result = new GB18030Encoding(); 
                    break;
                // ISO2022 Code Pages 
                case ISOKorean: 
            //    case ISOSimplifiedCN
                case ChineseHZ: 
                case ISO2022JP:         // JIS JP, full-width Katakana mode (no half-width Katakana)
                case ISO2022JPESC:      // JIS JP, esc sequence to do Katakana.
                case ISO2022JPSISO:     // JIS JP with Shift In/ Shift Out Katakana support
                    result = new ISO2022Encoding(codepage); 
                    break;
                // Duplicate EUC-CN (51936) just calls a base code page 936, 
                // so does ISOSimplifiedCN (50227), which's gotta be broken 
                case DuplicateEUCCN:
                case ISOSimplifiedCN: 
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, EUCCN);    // Just maps to 936
                    break;
                case EUCJP:
                    result = new EUCJPEncoding(); 
                    break;
                case EUCKR: 
                    result = new DBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, CodePageDLLKorean);    // Maps to 20949 
                    break;
                case ENC50229: 
                    throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_CodePage50229"));
                case ISO_8859_8I:
                    result = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codepage, ISO_8859_8_Visual);        // Hebrew maps to a different code page
                    break; 
                default:
                    // Not found, already tried codepage table code pages in GetEncoding() 
                    throw new NotSupportedException( 
                        Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_NoCodepageData", codepage));
            } 
            return result;
        }

        private static Encoding GetEncodingCodePage(int CodePage) 
        {
            // Single Byte or Double Byte Code Page? (0 if not found) 
            int i = BaseCodePageEncoding.GetCodePageByteSize(CodePage); 
            if (i == 1) return new SBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePage);
            else if (i == 2) return new DBCSCodePageEncoding(CodePage); 

            // Return null if we didn't find one.
            return null;
        } 

        // Returns an Encoding object for a given name or a given code page value. 
        // 

        public static Encoding GetEncoding(String name) 
        {
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be requested by name, be sure to
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable. 
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call
            // EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(). 
            // 
            return (GetEncoding(EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(name)));
        } 

        // Returns an Encoding object for a given name or a given code page value.
        //
 
        public static Encoding GetEncoding(String name,
            EncoderFallback encoderFallback, DecoderFallback decoderFallback) 
        { 
            //
            // NOTE: If you add a new encoding that can be requested by name, be sure to 
            // add the corresponding item in EncodingTable.
            // Otherwise, the code below will throw exception when trying to call
            // EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName().
            // 
            return (GetEncoding(EncodingTable.GetCodePageFromName(name), encoderFallback, decoderFallback));
        } 
 
        // Return a list of all EncodingInfo objects describing all of our encodings
 
        public static EncodingInfo[] GetEncodings()
        {
            return EncodingTable.GetEncodings();
        } 

 
        public virtual byte[] GetPreamble() 
        {
            return emptyByteArray; 
        }

        private void GetDataItem() {
            if (dataItem==null) { 
                dataItem = EncodingTable.GetCodePageDataItem(m_codePage);
                if(dataItem==null) { 
                    throw new NotSupportedException( 
                        Environment.GetResourceString("NotSupported_NoCodepageData", m_codePage));
                } 
            }
        }

        // Returns the name for this encoding that can be used with mail agent body tags. 
        // If the encoding may not be used, the string is empty.
 
        public virtual String BodyName 
        {
            get 
            {
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return (dataItem.BodyName);
            } 
        } 

        // Returns the human-readable description of the encoding ( e.g. Hebrew (DOS)). 

        public virtual String EncodingName
        {
            get 
            {
                return (Environment.GetResourceString("Globalization.cp_"+m_codePage)); 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns the name for this encoding that can be used with mail agent header
        // tags.  If the encoding may not be used, the string is empty.

        public virtual String HeaderName 
        {
            get 
            { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return (dataItem.HeaderName);
            }
        } 

        // Returns the array of IANA-registered names for this encoding.  If there is an 
        // IANA preferred name, it is the first name in the array. 

        public virtual String WebName 
        {
            get
            {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return (dataItem.WebName); 
            }
        } 

        // Returns the windows code page that most closely corresponds to this encoding.

        public virtual int WindowsCodePage 
        {
            get 
            { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return (dataItem.UIFamilyCodePage);
            }
        } 

 
        // True if and only if the encoding is used for display by browsers clients. 

        public virtual bool IsBrowserDisplay { 
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_BROWSER) != 0);
            } 
        } 

        // True if and only if the encoding is used for saving by browsers clients. 

        public virtual bool IsBrowserSave {
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem();
                } 
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_BROWSER) != 0); 
            }
        } 

        // True if and only if the encoding is used for display by mail and news clients.

        public virtual bool IsMailNewsDisplay { 
            get {
                if (dataItem==null) { 
                    GetDataItem(); 
                }
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_MAILNEWS) != 0); 
            }
        }

 
        // True if and only if the encoding is used for saving documents by mail and
        // news clients 
 
        public virtual bool IsMailNewsSave {
            get { 
                if (dataItem==null) {
                    GetDataItem();
                }
                return ((dataItem.Flags & MIMECONTF_SAVABLE_MAILNEWS) != 0); 
            }
        } 
 
        // True if and only if the encoding only uses single byte code points.  (Ie, ASCII, 1252, etc)
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual bool IsSingleByte
        {
            get 
            {
                return false; 
            } 
        }
 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public EncoderFallback EncoderFallback
        { 
            get
            { 
                return encoderFallback; 
            }
 
            set
            {
                if (this.IsReadOnly)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_ReadOnly")); 

                if (value == null) 
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 

                encoderFallback = value; 
            }
        }

 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public DecoderFallback DecoderFallback 
        { 
            get
            { 
                return decoderFallback;
            }

            set 
            {
                if (this.IsReadOnly) 
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString("InvalidOperation_ReadOnly")); 

                if (value == null) 
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value");

                decoderFallback = value;
            } 
        }
 
 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual Object Clone() 
        {
            Encoding newEncoding = (Encoding)this.MemberwiseClone();

            // New one should be readable 
            newEncoding.m_isReadOnly = false;
            return newEncoding; 
        } 

 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public bool IsReadOnly
        {
            get 
            {
                return (m_isReadOnly); 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the ASCII character set. The returned encoding
        // will be an instance of the ASCIIEncoding class.
        //
 
        public static Encoding ASCII
        { 
            get 
            {
                if (asciiEncoding == null) asciiEncoding = new ASCIIEncoding(); 
                return asciiEncoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the Latin1 character set. The returned encoding
        // will be an instance of the Latin1Encoding class. 
        // 
        // This is for our optimizations
        private static Encoding Latin1 
        {
            get
            {
                if (latin1Encoding == null) latin1Encoding = new Latin1Encoding(); 
                return latin1Encoding;
            } 
        } 

        // Returns the number of bytes required to encode the given character 
        // array.
        //

        public virtual int GetByteCount(char[] chars) 
        {
            if (chars == null) 
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            }

            return GetByteCount(chars, 0, chars.Length);
        } 

 
        public virtual int GetByteCount(String s) 
        {
            if (s==null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s");

            char[] chars = s.ToCharArray();
            return GetByteCount(chars, 0, chars.Length); 

        } 
 
        // Returns the number of bytes required to encode a range of characters in
        // a character array. 
        //

        public abstract int GetByteCount(char[] chars, int index, int count);
 
        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS encodings
        // unfortunately for existing overrides, it has to call the [] version, 
        // which is really slow, so this method should be avoided if you're calling 
        // a 3rd party encoding.
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual unsafe int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count)
        { 
            // Validate input parameters
            if (chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars", 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
 
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            char[] arrChar = new char[count];
            int index; 
 
            for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
                arrChar[index] = chars[index]; 

            return GetByteCount(arrChar, 0, count);
        }
 
        // For NLS Encodings, workhorse takes an encoder (may be null)
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert. 
        internal virtual unsafe int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count, EncoderNLS encoder) 
        {
            return GetByteCount(chars, count); 
        }

        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of the given
        // character array. 
        //
 
        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(char[] chars) 
        {
            if (chars == null) 
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return GetBytes(chars, 0, chars.Length);
        } 
 
        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of a range
        // of characters in a character array. 
        //

        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(char[] chars, int index, int count)
        { 
            byte[] result = new byte[GetByteCount(chars, index, count)];
            GetBytes(chars, index, count, result, 0); 
            return result; 
        }
 
        // Encodes a range of characters in a character array into a range of bytes
        // in a byte array. An exception occurs if the byte array is not large
        // enough to hold the complete encoding of the characters. The
        // GetByteCount method can be used to determine the exact number of 
        // bytes that will be produced for a given range of characters.
        // Alternatively, the GetMaxByteCount method can be used to 
        // determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given 
        // number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.
        // 

        public abstract int GetBytes(char[] chars, int charIndex, int charCount,
            byte[] bytes, int byteIndex);
 
        // Returns a byte array containing the encoded representation of the given
        // string. 
        // 

        public virtual byte[] GetBytes(String s) 
        {
            if (s == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_String")); 

            char[] chars = s.ToCharArray(); 
            return GetBytes(chars, 0, chars.Length); 
        }
 

        public virtual int GetBytes(String s, int charIndex, int charCount,
                                       byte[] bytes, int byteIndex)
        { 
            if (s==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s"); 
            return GetBytes(s.ToCharArray(), charIndex, charCount, bytes, byteIndex); 
        }
 
        // This is our internal workhorse
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert.
        internal virtual unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                                byte* bytes, int byteCount, EncoderNLS encoder) 
        {
            return GetBytes(chars, charCount, bytes, byteCount); 
        } 

        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing 
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)
        //
        // WARNING WARNING WARNING
        // 
        // WARNING: If this breaks it could be a security threat.  Obviously we
        // call this internally, so you need to make sure that your pointers, counts 
        // and indexes are correct when you call this method. 
        //
        // In addition, we have internal code, which will be marked as "safe" calling 
        // this code.  However this code is dependent upon the implimentation of an
        // external GetBytes() method, which could be overridden by a third party and
        // the results of which cannot be guaranteed.  We use that result to copy
        // the byte[] to our byte* output buffer.  If the result count was wrong, we 
        // could easily overflow our output buffer.  Therefore we do an extra test
        // when we copy the buffer so that we don't overflow byteCount either. 
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                              byte* bytes, int byteCount)
        {
            // Validate input parameters 
            if (bytes == null || chars == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(bytes == null ? "bytes" : "chars", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (charCount < 0 || byteCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charCount<0 ? "charCount" : "byteCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            // Get the char array to convert 
            char[] arrChar = new char[charCount];
 
            int index; 
            for (index = 0; index < charCount; index++)
                arrChar[index] = chars[index]; 

            // Get the byte array to fill
            byte[] arrByte = new byte[byteCount];
 
            // Do the work
            int result = GetBytes(arrChar, 0, charCount, arrByte, 0); 
 
            // The only way this could fail is a bug in GetBytes
            BCLDebug.Assert(result <= byteCount, "[Encoding.GetBytes]Returned more bytes than we have space for"); 

            // Copy the byte array
            // WARNING: We MUST make sure that we don't copy too many bytes.  We can't
            // rely on result because it could be a 3rd party implimentation.  We need 
            // to make sure we never copy more than byteCount bytes no matter the value
            // of result 
            if (result < byteCount) 
                byteCount = result;
 
            // Copy the data, don't overrun our array!
            for (index = 0; index < byteCount; index++)
                bytes[index] = arrByte[index];
 
            return byteCount;
        } 
 
        // Returns the number of characters produced by decoding the given byte
        // array. 
        //

        public virtual int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes)
        { 
            if (bytes == null)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
            } 
            return GetCharCount(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        }

        // Returns the number of characters produced by decoding a range of bytes 
        // in a byte array.
        // 
 
        public abstract int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count);
 
        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)

        [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public virtual unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count) 
        { 
            // Validate input parameters
            if (bytes == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            if (count < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
 
            byte[] arrbyte = new byte[count];
            int index; 

            for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
                arrbyte[index] = bytes[index];
 
            return GetCharCount(arrbyte, 0, count);
        } 
 
        // This is our internal workhorse
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert. 
        internal virtual unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count, DecoderNLS decoder)
        {
            return GetCharCount(bytes, count);
        } 

        // Returns a character array containing the decoded representation of a 
        // given byte array. 
        //
 
        public virtual char[] GetChars(byte[] bytes)
        {
            if (bytes == null)
            { 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 
            } 
            return GetChars(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        } 

        // Returns a character array containing the decoded representation of a
        // range of bytes in a byte array.
        // 

        public virtual char[] GetChars(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
        { 
            char[] result = new char[GetCharCount(bytes, index, count)];
            GetChars(bytes, index, count, result, 0); 
            return result;
        }

        // Decodes a range of bytes in a byte array into a range of characters in a 
        // character array. An exception occurs if the character array is not large
        // enough to hold the complete decoding of the bytes. The 
        // GetCharCount method can be used to determine the exact number of 
        // characters that will be produced for a given range of bytes.
        // Alternatively, the GetMaxCharCount method can be used to 
        // determine the maximum number of characterss that will be produced for a
        // given number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values.
        //
 
        public abstract int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount,
                                       char[] chars, int charIndex); 
 

        // We expect this to be the workhorse for NLS Encodings, but for existing 
        // ones we need a working (if slow) default implimentation)
        //
        // WARNING WARNING WARNING
        // 
        // WARNING: If this breaks it could be a security threat.  Obviously we
        // call this internally, so you need to make sure that your pointers, counts 
        // and indexes are correct when you call this method. 
        //
        // In addition, we have internal code, which will be marked as "safe" calling 
        // this code.  However this code is dependent upon the implimentation of an
        // external GetChars() method, which could be overridden by a third party and
        // the results of which cannot be guaranteed.  We use that result to copy
        // the char[] to our char* output buffer.  If the result count was wrong, we 
        // could easily overflow our output buffer.  Therefore we do an extra test
        // when we copy the buffer so that we don't overflow charCount either. 
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual unsafe int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount,
                                              char* chars, int charCount)
        {
            // Validate input parameters 
            if (chars == null || bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(chars == null ? "chars" : "bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (byteCount < 0 || charCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((byteCount<0 ? "byteCount" : "charCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            // Get the byte array to convert 
            byte[] arrByte = new byte[byteCount];
 
            int index; 
            for (index = 0; index < byteCount; index++)
                arrByte[index] = bytes[index]; 

            // Get the char array to fill
            char[] arrChar = new char[charCount];
 
            // Do the work
            int result = GetChars(arrByte, 0, byteCount, arrChar, 0); 
 
            // The only way this could fail is a bug in GetChars
            BCLDebug.Assert(result <= charCount, "[Encoding.GetChars]Returned more chars than we have space for"); 

            // Copy the char array
            // WARNING: We MUST make sure that we don't copy too many chars.  We can't
            // rely on result because it could be a 3rd party implimentation.  We need 
            // to make sure we never copy more than charCount chars no matter the value
            // of result 
            if (result < charCount) 
                charCount = result;
 
            // Copy the data, don't overrun our array!
            for (index = 0; index < charCount; index++)
                chars[index] = arrChar[index];
 
            return charCount;
        } 
 

        // This is our internal workhorse 
        // Always validate parameters before calling internal version, which will only assert.
        internal virtual unsafe int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount,
                                                char* chars, int charCount, DecoderNLS decoder)
        { 
            return GetChars(bytes, byteCount, chars, charCount);
        } 
 
        // Returns the code page identifier of this encoding. The returned value is
        // an integer between 0 and 65535 if the encoding has a code page 
        // identifier, or -1 if the encoding does not represent a code page.
        //

        public virtual int CodePage 
        {
            get 
            { 
                return m_codePage;
            } 
        }

        // IsAlwaysNormalized
        // Returns true if the encoding is always normalized for the specified encoding form 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public bool IsAlwaysNormalized() 
        {
            return this.IsAlwaysNormalized(NormalizationForm.FormC); 
        }


        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public virtual bool IsAlwaysNormalized(NormalizationForm form)
        { 
            // Assume false unless the encoding knows otherwise 
            return false;
        } 

        // Returns a Decoder object for this encoding. The returned object
        // can be used to decode a sequence of bytes into a sequence of characters.
        // Contrary to the GetChars family of methods, a Decoder can 
        // convert partial sequences of bytes into partial sequences of characters
        // by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions. 
        // 
        // This default implementation returns a Decoder that simply
        // forwards calls to the GetCharCount and GetChars methods to 
        // the corresponding methods of this encoding. Encodings that require state
        // to be maintained between successive conversions should override this
        // method and return an instance of an appropriate Decoder
        // implementation. 
        //
 
        public virtual Decoder GetDecoder() 
        {
            return new DefaultDecoder(this); 
        }

        private static Encoding CreateDefaultEncoding()
        { 
            Encoding enc;
            int codePage = Win32Native.GetACP(); 
 
            // For US English, we can save some startup working set by not calling
            // GetEncoding(int codePage) since JITting GetEncoding will force us to load 
            // all the Encoding classes for ASCII, UTF7 & UTF8, & UnicodeEncoding.
            if (codePage == 1252)
                enc = new SBCSCodePageEncoding(codePage);
            else 
                enc = GetEncoding(codePage);
 
            return (enc); 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the system's current ANSI code page.
        //

        public static Encoding Default { 
            get {
                if (defaultEncoding == null) { 
                    defaultEncoding = CreateDefaultEncoding(); 
                }
                return defaultEncoding; 
            }
        }

        // Returns an Encoder object for this encoding. The returned object 
        // can be used to encode a sequence of characters into a sequence of bytes.
        // Contrary to the GetBytes family of methods, an Encoder can 
        // convert partial sequences of characters into partial sequences of bytes 
        // by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions.
        // 
        // This default implementation returns an Encoder that simply
        // forwards calls to the GetByteCount and GetBytes methods to
        // the corresponding methods of this encoding. Encodings that require state
        // to be maintained between successive conversions should override this 
        // method and return an instance of an appropriate Encoder
        // implementation. 
        // 

        public virtual Encoder GetEncoder() 
        {
            return new DefaultEncoder(this);
        }
 
        // Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode a given number of
        // characters. This method can be used to determine an appropriate buffer 
        // size for byte arrays passed to the GetBytes method of this 
        // encoding or the GetBytes method of an Encoder for this
        // encoding. All encodings must guarantee that no buffer overflow 
        // exceptions will occur if buffers are sized according to the results of
        // this method.
        //
        // WARNING: If you're using something besides the default replacement encoder fallback, 
        // then you could have more bytes than this returned from an actual call to GetBytes().
        // 
 
        public abstract int GetMaxByteCount(int charCount);
 
        // Returns the maximum number of characters produced by decoding a given
        // number of bytes. This method can be used to determine an appropriate
        // buffer size for character arrays passed to the GetChars method of
        // this encoding or the GetChars method of a Decoder for this 
        // encoding. All encodings must guarantee that no buffer overflow
        // exceptions will occur if buffers are sized according to the results of 
        // this method. 
        //
 
        public abstract int GetMaxCharCount(int byteCount);

        // Returns a string containing the decoded representation of a given byte
        // array. 
        //
 
        public virtual String GetString(byte[] bytes) 
        {
            if (bytes == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            return GetString(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
        }
 
        // Returns a string containing the decoded representation of a range of 
        // bytes in a byte array.
        // 
        // Internally we override this for performance
        //

        public virtual String GetString(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
        {
            return new String(GetChars(bytes, index, count)); 
        } 

        // Returns an encoding for Unicode format. The returned encoding will be 
        // an instance of the UnicodeEncoding class.
        //
        // It will use little endian byte order, but will detect
        // input in big endian if it finds a byte order mark per Unicode 2.0. 
        //
 
        public static Encoding Unicode { 
            get {
                if (unicodeEncoding == null) unicodeEncoding = new UnicodeEncoding(false, true); 
                return unicodeEncoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for Unicode format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UnicodeEncoding class. 
        // 
        // It will use big endian byte order, but will detect
        // input in little endian if it finds a byte order mark per Unicode 2.0. 
        //

        public static Encoding BigEndianUnicode {
            get { 
                if (bigEndianUnicode == null) bigEndianUnicode = new UnicodeEncoding(true, true);
                return bigEndianUnicode; 
            } 
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-7 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF7Encoding class.
        //
 
        public static Encoding UTF7 {
            get { 
                if (utf7Encoding == null) utf7Encoding = new UTF7Encoding(); 
                return utf7Encoding;
            } 
        }

        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-8 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF8Encoding class. 
        //
 
        public static Encoding UTF8 { 
            get {
                if (utf8Encoding == null) utf8Encoding = new UTF8Encoding(true); 
                return utf8Encoding;
            }
        }
 
        // Returns an encoding for the UTF-32 format. The returned encoding will be
        // an instance of the UTF32Encoding class. 
        // 

        public static Encoding UTF32 { 
            get {
                if (utf32Encoding == null) utf32Encoding = new UTF32Encoding(false, true);
                return utf32Encoding;
            } 
        }
 
 
        public override bool Equals(Object value) {
            Encoding that = value as Encoding; 
            if (that != null)
                return (m_codePage == that.m_codePage) &&
                       (EncoderFallback.Equals(that.EncoderFallback)) &&
                       (DecoderFallback.Equals(that.DecoderFallback)); 
            return (false);
        } 
 

        public override int GetHashCode() { 
            return m_codePage + this.EncoderFallback.GetHashCode() + this.DecoderFallback.GetHashCode();
        }

        internal virtual char[] GetBestFitUnicodeToBytesData() 
        {
            // Normally we don't have any best fit data. 
            return new char[0]; 
        }
 
        internal virtual char[] GetBestFitBytesToUnicodeData()
        {
            // Normally we don't have any best fit data.
            return new char[0]; 
        }
 
        internal void ThrowBytesOverflow() 
        {
            // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
            // This happens if user has implimented an encoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
            throw new ArgumentException(
                Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncodingConversionOverflowBytes",
                EncodingName, EncoderFallback.GetType()), "bytes"); 
        }
 
        internal void ThrowBytesOverflow(EncoderNLS encoder, bool nothingEncoded) 
        {
            if (encoder == null || encoder.m_throwOnOverflow || nothingEncoded) 
            {
                if (encoder != null && encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer)
                    encoder.FallbackBuffer.InternalReset();
                // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
                // This happens if user has implimented an encoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
                ThrowBytesOverflow(); 
            } 

            // If we didn't throw, we are in convert and have to remember our flushing 
            encoder.ClearMustFlush();
        }

        internal void ThrowCharsOverflow() 
        {
            // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken 
            // This happens if user has implimented a decoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount 
            throw new ArgumentException(
                Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncodingConversionOverflowChars", 
                EncodingName, DecoderFallback.GetType()), "chars");
        }

        internal void ThrowCharsOverflow(DecoderNLS decoder, bool nothingDecoded) 
        {
            if (decoder == null || decoder.m_throwOnOverflow || nothingDecoded) 
            { 
                if (decoder != null && decoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer)
                    decoder.FallbackBuffer.InternalReset(); 

                // Special message to include fallback type in case fallback's GetMaxCharCount is broken
                // This happens if user has implimented a decoder fallback with a broken GetMaxCharCount
                ThrowCharsOverflow(); 
            }
 
            // If we didn't throw, we are in convert and have to remember our flushing 
            decoder.ClearMustFlush();
        } 

        [Serializable]
        internal class DefaultEncoder : Encoder, ISerializable, IObjectReference
        { 
            private Encoding m_encoding;
 
            [NonSerialized] internal char charLeftOver; 

            public DefaultEncoder(Encoding encoding) 
            {
                m_encoding = encoding;
            }
 
            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett
            internal DefaultEncoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
 
                // All we have is our encoding
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding));

                try 
                {
                    this.m_fallback     = (EncoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback",   typeof(EncoderFallback)); 
                    this.charLeftOver   = (Char)            info.GetValue("charLeftOver", typeof(Char)); 
                }
                catch (SerializationException) 
                {
                }
            }
 
            // Just get it from GetEncoding
            public Object GetRealObject(StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                Encoder encoder = m_encoding.GetEncoder();
                if (m_fallback != null) 
                    encoder.m_fallback = m_fallback;
                if (charLeftOver != (char) 0)
                {
                    EncoderNLS encoderNls = encoder as EncoderNLS; 
                    if (encoderNls != null)
                        encoderNls.charLeftOver = charLeftOver; 
                } 
                return encoder;
            } 

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            {
                // Any info? 
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // All we have is our encoding 
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding);
            }

            // Returns the number of bytes the next call to GetBytes will 
            // produce if presented with the given range of characters and the given
            // value of the flush parameter. The returned value takes into 
            // account the state in which the encoder was left following the last call 
            // to GetBytes. The state of the encoder is not affected by a call
            // to this method. 
            //

            public override int GetByteCount(char[] chars, int index, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetByteCount(chars, index, count);
            } 
 
            public unsafe override int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetByteCount(chars, count);
            }

            // Encodes a range of characters in a character array into a range of bytes 
            // in a byte array. The method encodes charCount characters from
            // chars starting at index charIndex, storing the resulting 
            // bytes in bytes starting at index byteIndex. The encoding 
            // takes into account the state in which the encoder was left following the
            // last call to this method. The flush parameter indicates whether 
            // the encoder should flush any shift-states and partial characters at the
            // end of the conversion. To ensure correct termination of a sequence of
            // blocks of encoded bytes, the last call to GetBytes should specify
            // a value of true for the flush parameter. 
            //
            // An exception occurs if the byte array is not large enough to hold the 
            // complete encoding of the characters. The GetByteCount method can 
            // be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be produced for
            // a given range of characters. Alternatively, the GetMaxByteCount 
            // method of the Encoding that produced this encoder can be used to
            // determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given
            // number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.
            // 

            public override int GetBytes(char[] chars, int charIndex, int charCount, 
                                          byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetBytes(chars, charIndex, charCount, bytes, byteIndex); 
            }

            public unsafe override int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                                 byte* bytes, int byteCount, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetBytes(chars, charCount, bytes, byteCount); 
            } 
        }
 
        [Serializable()]
        internal class DefaultDecoder : Decoder, ISerializable, IObjectReference
        {
            private Encoding m_encoding; 

            public DefaultDecoder(Encoding encoding) 
            { 
                m_encoding = encoding;
            } 

            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett
            internal DefaultDecoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 
 
                // All we have is our encoding
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding)); 

                try
                {
                    this.m_fallback = (DecoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback", typeof(DecoderFallback)); 
                }
                catch (SerializationException) 
                { 
                    m_fallback = null;
                } 
            }

            // Just get it from GetEncoding
            public Object GetRealObject(StreamingContext context) 
            {
                Decoder decoder = m_encoding.GetDecoder(); 
                if (m_fallback != null) 
                    decoder.m_fallback = m_fallback;
 
                return decoder;
            }

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object 
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // All we have is our encoding
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding);
            } 

            // Returns the number of characters the next call to GetChars will 
            // produce if presented with the given range of bytes. The returned value 
            // takes into account the state in which the decoder was left following the
            // last call to GetChars. The state of the decoder is not affected 
            // by a call to this method.
            //

            public override int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
            {
                return GetCharCount(bytes, index, count, false); 
            } 

            public override int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count, bool flush) 
            {
                return m_encoding.GetCharCount(bytes, index, count);
            }
 
            public unsafe override int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count, bool flush)
            { 
                // By default just call the encoding version, no flush by default 
                return m_encoding.GetCharCount(bytes, count);
            } 

            // Decodes a range of bytes in a byte array into a range of characters
            // in a character array. The method decodes byteCount bytes from
            // bytes starting at index byteIndex, storing the resulting 
            // characters in chars starting at index charIndex. The
            // decoding takes into account the state in which the decoder was left 
            // following the last call to this method. 
            //
            // An exception occurs if the character array is not large enough to 
            // hold the complete decoding of the bytes. The GetCharCount method
            // can be used to determine the exact number of characters that will be
            // produced for a given range of bytes. Alternatively, the
            // GetMaxCharCount method of the Encoding that produced this 
            // decoder can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that
            // will be produced for a given number of bytes, regardless of the actual 
            // byte values. 
            //
 
            public override int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount,
                                           char[] chars, int charIndex)
            {
                return GetChars(bytes, byteIndex, byteCount, chars, charIndex, false); 
            }
 
            public override int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount, 
                                           char[] chars, int charIndex, bool flush)
            { 
                return m_encoding.GetChars(bytes, byteIndex, byteCount, chars, charIndex);
            }

            public unsafe override int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount, 
                                                  char* chars, int charCount, bool flush)
            { 
                // By default just call the encoding's version 
                return m_encoding.GetChars(bytes, byteCount, chars, charCount);
            } 
        }

        internal class EncodingCharBuffer
        { 
            unsafe char* chars;
            unsafe char* charStart; 
            unsafe char* charEnd; 
            int          charCountResult = 0;
            Encoding     enc; 
            DecoderNLS   decoder;
            unsafe byte* byteStart;
            unsafe byte* byteEnd;
            unsafe byte* bytes; 
            DecoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer;
 
            internal unsafe EncodingCharBuffer(Encoding enc, DecoderNLS decoder, char* charStart, int charCount, 
                                                    byte* byteStart, int byteCount)
            { 
                this.enc = enc;
                this.decoder = decoder;

                this.chars = charStart; 
                this.charStart = charStart;
                this.charEnd = charStart + charCount; 
 
                this.byteStart = byteStart;
                this.bytes = byteStart; 
                this.byteEnd = byteStart + byteCount;

                if (this.decoder == null)
                    this.fallbackBuffer = enc.DecoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                else
                    this.fallbackBuffer = this.decoder.FallbackBuffer; 
 
                // If we're getting chars or getting char count we don't expect to have
                // to remember fallbacks between calls (so it should be empty) 
                BCLDebug.Assert(fallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0,
                    "[Encoding.EncodingCharBuffer.EncodingCharBuffer]Expected empty fallback buffer for getchars/charcount");
                fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(bytes, charEnd);
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch, int numBytes) 
            { 
                if (chars != null)
                { 
                    if (chars >= charEnd)
                    {
                        // Throw maybe
                        bytes-=numBytes;                                        // Didn't encode these bytes 
                        enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, bytes <= byteStart);    // Throw?
                        return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either 
                    } 

                    *(chars++) = ch; 
                }
                charCountResult++;
                return true;
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch) 
            { 
                return AddChar(ch,1);
            } 


            internal unsafe bool AddChar(char ch1, char ch2, int numBytes)
            { 
                // Need room for 2 chars
                if (chars >= charEnd - 1) 
                { 
                    // Throw maybe
                    bytes-=numBytes;                                        // Didn't encode these bytes 
                    enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, bytes <= byteStart);    // Throw?
                    return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either
                }
                return AddChar(ch1, numBytes) && AddChar(ch2, numBytes); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe void AdjustBytes(int count) 
            {
                bytes += count; 
            }

            internal unsafe bool MoreData
            { 
                get
                { 
                    return bytes < byteEnd; 
                }
            } 

            // Do we have count more bytes?
            internal unsafe bool EvenMoreData(int count)
            { 
                return (bytes <= byteEnd - count);
            } 
 
            // GetNextByte shouldn't be called unless the caller's already checked more data or even more data,
            // but we'll double check just to make sure. 
            internal unsafe byte GetNextByte()
            {
                BCLDebug.Assert(bytes < byteEnd, "[EncodingCharBuffer.GetNextByte]Expected more date");
                if (bytes >= byteEnd) 
                    return 0;
                return *(bytes++); 
            } 

            internal unsafe int BytesUsed 
            {
                get
                {
                    return (int)(bytes - byteStart); 
                }
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte fallbackByte)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { fallbackByte };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte byte1, byte byte2)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { byte1, byte2 };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte byte1, byte byte2, byte byte3, byte byte4)
            { 
                // Build our buffer
                byte[] byteBuffer = new byte[] { byte1, byte2, byte3, byte4 };

                // Do the fallback and add the data. 
                return Fallback(byteBuffer);
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(byte[] byteBuffer)
            { 
                // Do the fallback and add the data.
                if (chars != null)
                {
                    char* pTemp = chars; 
                    if (fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(byteBuffer, bytes, ref chars) == false)
                    { 
                        // Throw maybe 
                        bytes -= byteBuffer.Length;                             // Didn't use how many ever bytes we're falling back
                        fallbackBuffer.InternalReset();                         // We didn't use this fallback. 
                        enc.ThrowCharsOverflow(decoder, chars == charStart);    // Throw?
                        return false;                                           // No throw, but no store either
                    }
                    charCountResult += unchecked((int)(chars - pTemp)); 
                }
                else 
                { 
                    charCountResult += fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(byteBuffer, bytes);
                } 

                return true;
            }
 
            internal unsafe int Count
            { 
                get 
                {
                    return charCountResult; 
                }
            }
        }
 
        internal class EncodingByteBuffer
        { 
            unsafe byte* bytes; 
            unsafe byte* byteStart;
            unsafe byte* byteEnd; 
            unsafe char* chars;
            unsafe char* charStart;
            unsafe char* charEnd;
            int          byteCountResult = 0; 
            Encoding     enc;
            EncoderNLS   encoder; 
            internal EncoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer; 

            internal unsafe EncodingByteBuffer(Encoding inEncoding, EncoderNLS inEncoder, 
                        byte* inByteStart, int inByteCount, char* inCharStart, int inCharCount)
            {
                this.enc = inEncoding;
                this.encoder = inEncoder; 

                this.charStart = inCharStart; 
                this.chars = inCharStart; 
                this.charEnd = inCharStart + inCharCount;
 
                this.bytes = inByteStart;
                this.byteStart = inByteStart;
                this.byteEnd = inByteStart + inByteCount;
 
                if (this.encoder == null)
                    this.fallbackBuffer = enc.EncoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                else 
                {
                    this.fallbackBuffer = this.encoder.FallbackBuffer; 
                    // If we're not converting we must not have data in our fallback buffer
                    if (encoder.m_throwOnOverflow && encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer &&
                        this.fallbackBuffer.Remaining > 0)
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncoderFallbackNotEmpty", 
                            encoder.Encoding.EncodingName, encoder.Fallback.GetType()));
                } 
                fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, charEnd, encoder, bytes != null); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b, int moreBytesExpected)
            {
                BCLDebug.Assert(moreBytesExpected >= 0, "[EncodingByteBuffer.AddByte]expected non-negative moreBytesExpected");
                if (bytes != null) 
                {
                    if (bytes >= byteEnd - moreBytesExpected) 
                    { 
                        // Throw maybe.  Check which buffer to back up (only matters if Converting)
                        this.MovePrevious(true);            // Throw if necessary 
                        return false;                       // No throw, but no store either
                    }

                    *(bytes++) = b; 
                }
                byteCountResult++; 
                return true; 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 0));
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2) 
            { 
                return (AddByte(b1, b2, 0));
            } 

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, int moreBytesExpected)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 1 + moreBytesExpected) && AddByte(b2, moreBytesExpected)); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3) 
            {
                return AddByte(b1, b2, b3, (int)0); 
            }

            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3, int moreBytesExpected)
            { 
                return (AddByte(b1, 2 + moreBytesExpected) &&
                        AddByte(b2, 1 + moreBytesExpected) && 
                        AddByte(b3, moreBytesExpected)); 
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool AddByte(byte b1, byte b2, byte b3, byte b4)
            {
                return (AddByte(b1, 3) &&
                        AddByte(b2, 2) && 
                        AddByte(b3, 1) &&
                        AddByte(b4, 0)); 
            } 

            internal unsafe void MovePrevious(bool bThrow) 
            {
                if (fallbackBuffer.bFallingBack)
                    fallbackBuffer.MovePrevious();                      // don't use last fallback
                else 
                {
                    BCLDebug.Assert(chars > charStart || 
                        ((bThrow == true) && (bytes == byteStart)), 
                        "[EncodingByteBuffer.MovePrevious]expected previous data or throw");
                    if (chars > charStart) 
                        chars--;                                        // don't use last char
                }

                if (bThrow) 
                    enc.ThrowBytesOverflow(encoder, bytes == byteStart);    // Throw? (and reset fallback if not converting)
            } 
 
            internal unsafe bool Fallback(char charFallback)
            { 
                // Do the fallback
                return fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(charFallback, ref chars);
            }
 
            internal unsafe bool MoreData
            { 
                get 
                {
                    // See if fallbackBuffer is not empty or if there's data left in chars buffer. 
                    return ((fallbackBuffer.Remaining > 0) || (chars < charEnd));
                }
            }
 
            internal unsafe char GetNextChar()
            { 
                 // See if there's something in our fallback buffer 
                char cReturn = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar();
 
                // Nothing in the fallback buffer, return our normal data.
                if (cReturn == 0)
                {
                    if (chars < charEnd) 
                        cReturn = *(chars++);
                } 
 
                return cReturn;
             } 

            internal unsafe int CharsUsed
            {
                get 
                {
                    return (int)(chars - charStart); 
                } 
            }
 
            internal unsafe int Count
            {
                get
                { 
                    return byteCountResult;
                } 
            } 
        }
    } 
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

                        

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