TreeSet.cs source code in C# .NET

Source code for the .NET framework in C#

                        

Code:

/ Dotnetfx_Win7_3.5.1 / Dotnetfx_Win7_3.5.1 / 3.5.1 / DEVDIV / depot / DevDiv / releases / whidbey / NetFXspW7 / ndp / fx / src / CompMod / System / Collections / Generic / TreeSet.cs / 1 / TreeSet.cs

                            namespace System.Collections.Generic { 
    using System;
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
 
    //
    // A binary search tree is a red-black tree if it satifies the following red-black properties: 
    // 1. Every node is either red or black 
    // 2. Every leaf (nil node) is black
    // 3. If a node is red, the both its children are black 
    // 4. Every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf contains the same number of black nodes
    //
    // The basic idea of red-black tree is to represent 2-3-4 trees as standard BSTs but to add one extra bit of information
    // per node to encode 3-nodes and 4-nodes. 
    // 4-nodes will be represented as:          B
    //                                                              R            R 
    // 3 -node will be represented as:           B             or         B 
    //                                                              R          B               B       R
    // 
    // For a detailed description of the algorithm, take a look at "Algorithm" by Rebert Sedgewick.
    //

    internal delegate bool TreeWalkAction(TreeSet.Node node); 

    internal enum TreeRotation { 
        LeftRotation = 1, 
        RightRotation = 2,
        RightLeftRotation = 3, 
        LeftRightRotation = 4,
    }

    [Serializable] 
    internal class TreeSet : ICollection, ICollection, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback {
        Node root; 
        IComparer comparer; 
        int count;
        int version; 
        private Object _syncRoot;

        private const String ComparerName = "Comparer";
        private const String CountName = "Count"; 
        private const String ItemsName = "Items";
        private const String VersionName = "Version"; 
 
        private SerializationInfo siInfo; //A temporary variable which we need during deserialization.
 
        public TreeSet(IComparer comparer) {
            if ( comparer == null) {
                this.comparer = Comparer.Default;
            } 
            else {
                this.comparer = comparer; 
            } 
        }
 
        protected TreeSet(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            siInfo = info;
        }
 

        public int Count { 
            get { 
                return count;
            } 
        }

        public IComparer Comparer {
            get { 
                return comparer;
            } 
        } 

        bool ICollection.IsReadOnly { 
            get {
                return false;
            }
        } 

        bool ICollection.IsSynchronized { 
            get { 
                return false;
            } 
        }

        object ICollection.SyncRoot {
            get { 
                if( _syncRoot == null) {
                    System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _syncRoot, new Object(), null); 
                } 
                return _syncRoot;
            } 
        }

        public void Add(T item) {
            if ( root  == null) {   // empty tree 
                root = new Node(item, false);
                count = 1; 
                return; 
            }
 
            //
            // Search for a node at bottom to insert the new node.
            // If we can guanratee the node we found is not a 4-node, it would be easy to do insertion.
            // We split 4-nodes along the search path. 
            //
            Node current = root; 
            Node parent = null; 
            Node grandParent = null;
            Node greatGrandParent = null; 

            int order = 0;
            while ( current != null) {
                order = comparer.Compare( item, current.Item); 
                if ( order == 0) {
                    // We could have changed root node to red during the search process. 
                    // We need to set it to black before we return. 
                    root.IsRed = false;
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_AddingDuplicate); 
                }

                // split a 4-node into two 2-nodes
                if ( Is4Node(current)) { 
                    Split4Node(current);
                    // We could have introduced two consecutive red nodes after split. Fix that by rotation. 
                    if ( IsRed(parent)) { 
                        InsertionBalance(current, ref parent, grandParent,  greatGrandParent);
                    } 
                }
                greatGrandParent =  grandParent;
                grandParent = parent;
                parent = current; 
                current = (order < 0) ? current.Left : current.Right;
            } 
 
            Debug.Assert( parent != null, "Parent node cannot be null here!");
            // ready to insert the new node 
            Node node = new Node(item);
            if ( order > 0) {
                parent.Right = node;
            } else { 
                parent.Left = node;
            } 
 
            // the new node will be red, so we will need to adjust the colors if parent node is also red
            if ( parent.IsRed) { 
                InsertionBalance(node, ref parent, grandParent,  greatGrandParent);
            }

            // Root node is always black 
            root.IsRed = false;
            ++count; 
            ++version; 
        }
 
        public void Clear() {
            root  =  null;
            count = 0;
            ++version; 
        }
 
        public bool Contains(T item) { 
            return FindNode(item) != null;
        } 

        //
        // Do a in order walk on tree and calls the delegate for each node.
        // If the action delegate returns false, stop the walk. 
        //
        // Return true if the entire tree has been walked. 
        // Otherwise returns false. 
        //
        internal bool InOrderTreeWalk(TreeWalkAction action) { 
            if ( root == null) {
                return true;
            }
 
            // The maximum height of a red-black tree is 2*lg(n+1).
            // See page 264 of "Introduction to algorithms" by Thomas H. Cormen 
            Stack stack = new Stack(2* (int)Math.Log(Count + 1)); 
            Node current = root;
            while (current != null) { 
                stack.Push(current);
                current = current.Left;
            }
 
            while (stack.Count != 0) {
                current = stack.Pop(); 
                if (!action(current)) { 
                    return false;
                } 

                Node node = current.Right;
                while ( node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node); 
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
            } 
            return true;
        } 

        public void CopyTo(T[] array, int index) {
            if (array == null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.array); 
            }
 
            if (index < 0) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.index);
            } 

            if (array.Length - index < Count) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_ArrayPlusOffTooSmall);
            } 

            InOrderTreeWalk(delegate(Node node){ array[index++] = node.Item; return true;}); 
        } 

        void ICollection.CopyTo(Array array, int index) { 
            if (array == null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.array);
            }
 
            if (array.Rank != 1) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_RankMultiDimNotSupported); 
            } 

            if( array.GetLowerBound(0) != 0 ) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_NonZeroLowerBound);
            }

            if (index < 0 ) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.arrayIndex, ExceptionResource.ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum);
            } 
 
            if (array.Length - index < Count) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_ArrayPlusOffTooSmall); 
            }

            T[] tarray = array as T[];
            if (tarray != null) { 
                CopyTo(tarray, index);
            } 
            else { 
                object[] objects = array as object[];
                if (objects == null) { 
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_InvalidArrayType);
                }

                try { 
                    InOrderTreeWalk(delegate(Node node){ objects[index++] = node.Item; return true;});
                } 
                catch(ArrayTypeMismatchException) { 
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_InvalidArrayType);
                } 
            }
        }

        public Enumerator GetEnumerator() { 
            return new Enumerator(this);
        } 
 
        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
            return new Enumerator(this); 
        }

        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
            return new Enumerator(this); 
        }
 
        internal Node FindNode(T item) { 
            Node current = root;
            while ( current != null) { 
                int order = comparer.Compare( item, current.Item);
                if ( order ==0) {
                    return current;
                } else { 
                    current = (order < 0) ? current.Left : current.Right;
                } 
            } 

            return null; 
        }

        public bool Remove(T item) {
            if ( root == null) { 
                return false;
            } 
 
            // Search for a node and then find its succesor.
            // Then copy the item from the succesor to the matching node and delete the successor. 
            // If a node doesn't have a successor, we can replace it with its left child (if not empty.)
            // or delete the matching node.
            //
            // In top-down implementation, it is important to make sure the node to be deleted is not a 2-node. 
            // Following code will make sure the node on the path is not a 2 Node.
            // 
            Node current = root; 
            Node parent = null;
            Node grandParent = null; 
            Node match = null;
            Node parentOfMatch = null;
            bool  foundMatch = false;
            while ( current != null) { 
                if ( Is2Node(current)) { // fix up 2-Node
                    if ( parent == null) {   // current is root. Mark it as red 
                        current.IsRed = true; 
                    } else {
                        Node sibling = GetSibling( current, parent); 
                        if ( sibling.IsRed) {
                            // If parent is a 3-node, flip the orientation of the red link.
                            // We can acheive this by a single rotation
                            // This case is converted to one of other cased below. 
                            Debug.Assert(!parent.IsRed, "parent must be a black node!");
                            if ( parent.Right == sibling) { 
                                RotateLeft( parent); 
                            } else {
                                RotateRight( parent); 
                            }

                            parent.IsRed = true;
                            sibling.IsRed = false;    // parent's color 
                            // sibling becomes child of grandParent or root after rotation. Update link from grandParent or root
                            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(grandParent, parent, sibling); 
                            // sibling will become grandParent of current node 
                            grandParent = sibling;
                            if ( parent == match) { 
                                parentOfMatch = sibling;
                            }

                            // update sibling, this is necessary for following processing 
                            sibling = (parent.Left == current) ? parent.Right : parent.Left;
                        } 
                        Debug.Assert(sibling != null || sibling.IsRed == false, "sibling must not be null and it must be black!"); 

                        if ( Is2Node( sibling)) { 
                            Merge2Nodes(parent, current, sibling);
                        } else {
                            // current is a 2-node and sibling is either a 3-node or a 4-node.
                            // We can change the color of current to red by some rotation. 
                            TreeRotation rotation = RotationNeeded(parent, current, sibling);
                            Node newGrandParent = null; 
                            switch (rotation) { 
                            case TreeRotation.RightRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Left == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Left.IsRed, "Left child of sibling must be red!");
                                sibling.Left.IsRed = false;
                                newGrandParent = RotateRight( parent);
                                break; 
                            case TreeRotation.LeftRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Right == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Right.IsRed, "Right child of sibling must be red!"); 
                                sibling.Right.IsRed = false;
                                newGrandParent = RotateLeft( parent); 
                                break;

                            case TreeRotation.RightLeftRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Right == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Left.IsRed, "Left child of sibling must be red!");
                                newGrandParent =  RotateRightLeft(parent); 
                                break; 

                            case TreeRotation.LeftRightRotation: 
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Left == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!");
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Right.IsRed, "Right child of sibling must be red!");
                                newGrandParent = RotateLeftRight(parent);
                                break; 
                            }
 
                            newGrandParent.IsRed = parent.IsRed; 
                            parent.IsRed = false;
                            current.IsRed = true; 
                            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot( grandParent, parent, newGrandParent);
                            if ( parent  == match) {
                                parentOfMatch = newGrandParent;
                            } 
                            grandParent = newGrandParent;
                        } 
                    } 
                }
 
                // we don't need to compare any more once we found the match
                int order = foundMatch? -1 : comparer.Compare( item, current.Item);
                if ( order == 0) {
                    // save the matching node 
                    foundMatch = true;
                    match = current; 
                    parentOfMatch = parent; 
                }
 
                grandParent = parent;
                parent  = current;

                if ( order < 0) { 
                    current = current.Left;
                } else { 
                    current = current.Right;       // continue the search in  right sub tree after we find a match 
                }
            } 

            // move successor to the matching node position and replace links
            if ( match != null) {
                ReplaceNode(match, parentOfMatch, parent, grandParent); 
                --count;
            } 
 
            if ( root != null) {
                root.IsRed = false; 
            }
            ++version;
            return foundMatch;
        } 

        // LinkDemand here is unnecessary as this is a methodimpl and linkdemand from the interface should suffice 
        void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { 
            GetObjectData(info, context);
        } 

        protected void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            if (info==null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.info); 
            }
 
            info.AddValue(CountName, count); //This is the length of the bucket array. 
            info.AddValue(ComparerName, comparer, typeof(IComparer));
            info.AddValue(VersionName, version); 

            if( root != null) {
                T[] items = new T[Count];
                CopyTo(items, 0); 
                info.AddValue(ItemsName, items, typeof(T[]));
            } 
        } 

        void IDeserializationCallback.OnDeserialization(Object sender) { 
            OnDeserialization(sender);
        }

        protected void OnDeserialization(Object sender) { 
            if (comparer != null) {
                return; //Somebody had a dependency on this class and fixed us up before the ObjectManager got to it. 
            } 

            if (siInfo==null) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_InvalidOnDeser);
            }

            comparer   = (IComparer)siInfo.GetValue(ComparerName, typeof(IComparer)); 
            int savedCount = siInfo.GetInt32(CountName);
 
            if( savedCount != 0) { 
                T[] items = (T[]) siInfo.GetValue(ItemsName, typeof(T[]));
 
                if (items == null) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_MissingValues);
                }
 
                for (int i=  0; i < items.Length; i++) {
                    Add(items[i]); 
                } 
            }
 
            version = siInfo.GetInt32(VersionName);
            if( count != savedCount) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_MismatchedCount);
            } 
            siInfo = null;
        } 
 
        private static Node GetSibling( Node node, Node parent) {
            if ( parent.Left == node) { 
                return parent.Right;
            }
            return parent.Left;
        } 

        // After calling InsertionBalance, we need to make sure current and parent up-to-date. 
        // It doesn't matter if we keep grandParent and greatGrantParent up-to-date 
        // because we won't need to split again in the next node.
        // By the time we need to split again, everything will be correctly set. 
        //
        private void InsertionBalance(Node current, ref Node parent, Node grandParent, Node greatGrandParent ) {
            Debug.Assert( grandParent != null, "Grand parent cannot be null here!");
            bool parentIsOnRight = (grandParent.Right == parent); 
            bool currentIsOnRight = (parent.Right == current);
 
            Node newChildOfGreatGrandParent; 
            if ( parentIsOnRight == currentIsOnRight) { // same orientation, single rotation
                newChildOfGreatGrandParent = currentIsOnRight? RotateLeft(grandParent) : RotateRight(grandParent); 
            } else {  // different orientaton, double rotation
                newChildOfGreatGrandParent = currentIsOnRight? RotateLeftRight(grandParent) : RotateRightLeft(grandParent);
                // current node now becomes the child of greatgrandparent
                parent = greatGrandParent; 
            }
            // grand parent will become a child of either parent of current. 
            grandParent.IsRed = true; 
            newChildOfGreatGrandParent.IsRed = false;
 
            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot( greatGrandParent, grandParent, newChildOfGreatGrandParent);
        }

        private static bool Is2Node(Node node)  { 
            Debug.Assert(node != null, "node cannot be null!");
            return IsBlack(node) && IsNullOrBlack(node.Left) && IsNullOrBlack(node.Right); 
        } 

        private static bool Is4Node(Node node) { 
            return IsRed(node.Left) && IsRed(node.Right);
        }

        private static bool IsBlack(Node node)  { 
            return(node != null && !node.IsRed);
        } 
 
        private static bool IsNullOrBlack(Node node)  {
            return(node == null ||  !node.IsRed); 
        }

        private static bool IsRed(Node node)  {
            return(node != null && node.IsRed); 
        }
 
        private static void Merge2Nodes(Node parent, Node child1, Node child2) { 
            Debug.Assert(IsRed(parent), "parent must be be red");
            // combing two 2-nodes into a 4-node 
            parent.IsRed = false;
            child1.IsRed = true;
            child2.IsRed = true;
        } 

        // Replace the child of a parent node. 
        // If the parent node is null, replace the root. 
        private void ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(Node parent, Node child, Node newChild) {
            if ( parent != null) { 
                if (parent.Left == child) {
                    parent.Left = newChild;
                } else {
                    parent.Right = newChild; 
                }
            } else { 
                root = newChild; 
            }
        } 

        // Replace the matching node with its succesor.
        private void ReplaceNode(Node match, Node parentOfMatch, Node succesor, Node parentOfSuccesor) {
            if ( succesor == match) {  // this node has no successor, should only happen if right child of matching node is null. 
                Debug.Assert( match.Right == null, "Right child must be null!");
                succesor = match.Left; 
            } else { 
                Debug.Assert(  parentOfSuccesor  != null, "parent of successor cannot be null!");
                Debug.Assert(  succesor.Left == null, "Left child of succesor must be null!"); 
                Debug.Assert(  (succesor.Right == null  && succesor.IsRed)  || ( succesor.Right.IsRed && !succesor.IsRed ), "Succesor must be in valid state");
                if ( succesor.Right != null) {
                    succesor.Right.IsRed = false;
                } 

                if ( parentOfSuccesor != match) {   // detach succesor from its parent and set its right child 
                    parentOfSuccesor.Left = succesor.Right; 
                    succesor.Right = match.Right;
                } 

                succesor.Left = match.Left;
            }
 
            if ( succesor != null) {
                succesor.IsRed = match.IsRed; 
            } 

            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(parentOfMatch, match, succesor); 
        }

        internal void UpdateVersion() {
            ++version; 
        }
 
        private static Node RotateLeft(Node node) { 
            Node x = node.Right;
            node.Right = x.Left; 
            x.Left = node;
            return x;
        }
 
        private static Node RotateLeftRight(Node node) {
            Node child = node.Left; 
            Node grandChild = child.Right; 

            node.Left = grandChild.Right; 
            grandChild.Right = node;
            child.Right = grandChild.Left;
            grandChild.Left = child;
            return grandChild; 
        }
 
        private static Node RotateRight(Node node) { 
            Node x = node.Left;
            node.Left = x.Right; 
            x.Right = node;
            return x;
        }
 
        private static Node RotateRightLeft(Node node) {
            Node child = node.Right; 
            Node grandChild = child.Left; 

            node.Right = grandChild.Left; 
            grandChild.Left = node;
            child.Left = grandChild.Right;
            grandChild.Right = child;
            return grandChild; 
        }
 
        private static TreeRotation RotationNeeded(Node parent, Node current, Node sibling) { 
            Debug.Assert(IsRed(sibling.Left) || IsRed(sibling.Right), "sibling must have at least one red child");
            if ( IsRed(sibling.Left)) { 
                if ( parent.Left == current) {
                    return TreeRotation.RightLeftRotation;
                }
                return TreeRotation.RightRotation; 
            } else {
                if ( parent.Left == current) { 
                    return TreeRotation.LeftRotation; 
                }
                return TreeRotation.LeftRightRotation; 
            }
        }

        private static void Split4Node(Node node) { 
            node.IsRed = true;
            node.Left.IsRed = false; 
            node.Right.IsRed = false; 
        }
 
        internal class Node {
            bool isRed;
            T item;
            Node left; 
            Node right;
 
            public Node(T item) { 
                // The default color will be red, we never need to create a black node directly.
                this.item = item; 
                isRed = true;
            }

            public Node(T item, bool isRed) { 
                // The default color will be red, we never need to create a black node directly.
                this.item = item; 
                this.isRed = isRed; 
            }
 
            public T Item {
                get {
                    return item;
                } 
                set {
                    item = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public Node Left {
                get {
                    return left;
                } 
                set {
                    left = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public Node Right {
                get {
                    return right;
                } 
                set  {
                    right = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public bool IsRed {
                get {
                    return isRed;
                } 
                set {
                    isRed = value; 
                } 
            }
        } 

        public struct Enumerator : IEnumerator, IEnumerator {
            private TreeSet tree;
            private int version; 
            private Stack< TreeSet.Node> stack;
            private TreeSet.Node current; 
            static TreeSet.Node dummyNode = new TreeSet.Node(default(T)); 

            private const string TreeName = "Tree"; 
            private const string NodeValueName = "Item";
            private const string EnumStartName = "EnumStarted";
            private const string VersionName = "Version";
 

            internal Enumerator(TreeSet set) { 
                tree = set; 
                version = tree.version;
 
                // 2lg(n + 1) is the maximum height
                stack = new Stack< TreeSet.Node>(2* (int)Math.Log(set.Count + 1));
                current = null;
                Intialize(); 
            }
 
            private void Intialize() { 
                current = null;
                TreeSet.Node node = tree.root; 
                while (node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node);
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
            }
 
            public bool MoveNext() { 
                if (version != tree.version) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion); 
                }

                if ( stack.Count == 0) {
                    current = null; 
                    return false;
                } 
 
                current = stack.Pop();
                TreeSet.Node node = current.Right; 
                while ( node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node);
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
                return true;
            } 
 
            public void Dispose() {
            } 

            public T Current {
                get {
                    if( current != null) { 
                        return current.Item;
                    } 
                    return default(T); 
                }
            } 

            object IEnumerator.Current {
                get {
                    if( current == null) { 
                         ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumOpCantHappen);
                    } 
 
                    return current.Item;
                } 
            }

            internal bool NotStartedOrEnded {
                get { 
                    return current == null;
                } 
            } 

            internal void Reset() { 
                if (version != tree.version) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion);
                }
 
                stack.Clear();
                Intialize(); 
            } 

            void IEnumerator.Reset() { 
                Reset();
            }
        }
    } 
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
namespace System.Collections.Generic { 
    using System;
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
 
    //
    // A binary search tree is a red-black tree if it satifies the following red-black properties: 
    // 1. Every node is either red or black 
    // 2. Every leaf (nil node) is black
    // 3. If a node is red, the both its children are black 
    // 4. Every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf contains the same number of black nodes
    //
    // The basic idea of red-black tree is to represent 2-3-4 trees as standard BSTs but to add one extra bit of information
    // per node to encode 3-nodes and 4-nodes. 
    // 4-nodes will be represented as:          B
    //                                                              R            R 
    // 3 -node will be represented as:           B             or         B 
    //                                                              R          B               B       R
    // 
    // For a detailed description of the algorithm, take a look at "Algorithm" by Rebert Sedgewick.
    //

    internal delegate bool TreeWalkAction(TreeSet.Node node); 

    internal enum TreeRotation { 
        LeftRotation = 1, 
        RightRotation = 2,
        RightLeftRotation = 3, 
        LeftRightRotation = 4,
    }

    [Serializable] 
    internal class TreeSet : ICollection, ICollection, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback {
        Node root; 
        IComparer comparer; 
        int count;
        int version; 
        private Object _syncRoot;

        private const String ComparerName = "Comparer";
        private const String CountName = "Count"; 
        private const String ItemsName = "Items";
        private const String VersionName = "Version"; 
 
        private SerializationInfo siInfo; //A temporary variable which we need during deserialization.
 
        public TreeSet(IComparer comparer) {
            if ( comparer == null) {
                this.comparer = Comparer.Default;
            } 
            else {
                this.comparer = comparer; 
            } 
        }
 
        protected TreeSet(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            siInfo = info;
        }
 

        public int Count { 
            get { 
                return count;
            } 
        }

        public IComparer Comparer {
            get { 
                return comparer;
            } 
        } 

        bool ICollection.IsReadOnly { 
            get {
                return false;
            }
        } 

        bool ICollection.IsSynchronized { 
            get { 
                return false;
            } 
        }

        object ICollection.SyncRoot {
            get { 
                if( _syncRoot == null) {
                    System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _syncRoot, new Object(), null); 
                } 
                return _syncRoot;
            } 
        }

        public void Add(T item) {
            if ( root  == null) {   // empty tree 
                root = new Node(item, false);
                count = 1; 
                return; 
            }
 
            //
            // Search for a node at bottom to insert the new node.
            // If we can guanratee the node we found is not a 4-node, it would be easy to do insertion.
            // We split 4-nodes along the search path. 
            //
            Node current = root; 
            Node parent = null; 
            Node grandParent = null;
            Node greatGrandParent = null; 

            int order = 0;
            while ( current != null) {
                order = comparer.Compare( item, current.Item); 
                if ( order == 0) {
                    // We could have changed root node to red during the search process. 
                    // We need to set it to black before we return. 
                    root.IsRed = false;
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_AddingDuplicate); 
                }

                // split a 4-node into two 2-nodes
                if ( Is4Node(current)) { 
                    Split4Node(current);
                    // We could have introduced two consecutive red nodes after split. Fix that by rotation. 
                    if ( IsRed(parent)) { 
                        InsertionBalance(current, ref parent, grandParent,  greatGrandParent);
                    } 
                }
                greatGrandParent =  grandParent;
                grandParent = parent;
                parent = current; 
                current = (order < 0) ? current.Left : current.Right;
            } 
 
            Debug.Assert( parent != null, "Parent node cannot be null here!");
            // ready to insert the new node 
            Node node = new Node(item);
            if ( order > 0) {
                parent.Right = node;
            } else { 
                parent.Left = node;
            } 
 
            // the new node will be red, so we will need to adjust the colors if parent node is also red
            if ( parent.IsRed) { 
                InsertionBalance(node, ref parent, grandParent,  greatGrandParent);
            }

            // Root node is always black 
            root.IsRed = false;
            ++count; 
            ++version; 
        }
 
        public void Clear() {
            root  =  null;
            count = 0;
            ++version; 
        }
 
        public bool Contains(T item) { 
            return FindNode(item) != null;
        } 

        //
        // Do a in order walk on tree and calls the delegate for each node.
        // If the action delegate returns false, stop the walk. 
        //
        // Return true if the entire tree has been walked. 
        // Otherwise returns false. 
        //
        internal bool InOrderTreeWalk(TreeWalkAction action) { 
            if ( root == null) {
                return true;
            }
 
            // The maximum height of a red-black tree is 2*lg(n+1).
            // See page 264 of "Introduction to algorithms" by Thomas H. Cormen 
            Stack stack = new Stack(2* (int)Math.Log(Count + 1)); 
            Node current = root;
            while (current != null) { 
                stack.Push(current);
                current = current.Left;
            }
 
            while (stack.Count != 0) {
                current = stack.Pop(); 
                if (!action(current)) { 
                    return false;
                } 

                Node node = current.Right;
                while ( node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node); 
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
            } 
            return true;
        } 

        public void CopyTo(T[] array, int index) {
            if (array == null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.array); 
            }
 
            if (index < 0) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.index);
            } 

            if (array.Length - index < Count) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_ArrayPlusOffTooSmall);
            } 

            InOrderTreeWalk(delegate(Node node){ array[index++] = node.Item; return true;}); 
        } 

        void ICollection.CopyTo(Array array, int index) { 
            if (array == null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.array);
            }
 
            if (array.Rank != 1) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_RankMultiDimNotSupported); 
            } 

            if( array.GetLowerBound(0) != 0 ) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_NonZeroLowerBound);
            }

            if (index < 0 ) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.arrayIndex, ExceptionResource.ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum);
            } 
 
            if (array.Length - index < Count) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Arg_ArrayPlusOffTooSmall); 
            }

            T[] tarray = array as T[];
            if (tarray != null) { 
                CopyTo(tarray, index);
            } 
            else { 
                object[] objects = array as object[];
                if (objects == null) { 
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_InvalidArrayType);
                }

                try { 
                    InOrderTreeWalk(delegate(Node node){ objects[index++] = node.Item; return true;});
                } 
                catch(ArrayTypeMismatchException) { 
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_InvalidArrayType);
                } 
            }
        }

        public Enumerator GetEnumerator() { 
            return new Enumerator(this);
        } 
 
        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
            return new Enumerator(this); 
        }

        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
            return new Enumerator(this); 
        }
 
        internal Node FindNode(T item) { 
            Node current = root;
            while ( current != null) { 
                int order = comparer.Compare( item, current.Item);
                if ( order ==0) {
                    return current;
                } else { 
                    current = (order < 0) ? current.Left : current.Right;
                } 
            } 

            return null; 
        }

        public bool Remove(T item) {
            if ( root == null) { 
                return false;
            } 
 
            // Search for a node and then find its succesor.
            // Then copy the item from the succesor to the matching node and delete the successor. 
            // If a node doesn't have a successor, we can replace it with its left child (if not empty.)
            // or delete the matching node.
            //
            // In top-down implementation, it is important to make sure the node to be deleted is not a 2-node. 
            // Following code will make sure the node on the path is not a 2 Node.
            // 
            Node current = root; 
            Node parent = null;
            Node grandParent = null; 
            Node match = null;
            Node parentOfMatch = null;
            bool  foundMatch = false;
            while ( current != null) { 
                if ( Is2Node(current)) { // fix up 2-Node
                    if ( parent == null) {   // current is root. Mark it as red 
                        current.IsRed = true; 
                    } else {
                        Node sibling = GetSibling( current, parent); 
                        if ( sibling.IsRed) {
                            // If parent is a 3-node, flip the orientation of the red link.
                            // We can acheive this by a single rotation
                            // This case is converted to one of other cased below. 
                            Debug.Assert(!parent.IsRed, "parent must be a black node!");
                            if ( parent.Right == sibling) { 
                                RotateLeft( parent); 
                            } else {
                                RotateRight( parent); 
                            }

                            parent.IsRed = true;
                            sibling.IsRed = false;    // parent's color 
                            // sibling becomes child of grandParent or root after rotation. Update link from grandParent or root
                            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(grandParent, parent, sibling); 
                            // sibling will become grandParent of current node 
                            grandParent = sibling;
                            if ( parent == match) { 
                                parentOfMatch = sibling;
                            }

                            // update sibling, this is necessary for following processing 
                            sibling = (parent.Left == current) ? parent.Right : parent.Left;
                        } 
                        Debug.Assert(sibling != null || sibling.IsRed == false, "sibling must not be null and it must be black!"); 

                        if ( Is2Node( sibling)) { 
                            Merge2Nodes(parent, current, sibling);
                        } else {
                            // current is a 2-node and sibling is either a 3-node or a 4-node.
                            // We can change the color of current to red by some rotation. 
                            TreeRotation rotation = RotationNeeded(parent, current, sibling);
                            Node newGrandParent = null; 
                            switch (rotation) { 
                            case TreeRotation.RightRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Left == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Left.IsRed, "Left child of sibling must be red!");
                                sibling.Left.IsRed = false;
                                newGrandParent = RotateRight( parent);
                                break; 
                            case TreeRotation.LeftRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Right == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Right.IsRed, "Right child of sibling must be red!"); 
                                sibling.Right.IsRed = false;
                                newGrandParent = RotateLeft( parent); 
                                break;

                            case TreeRotation.RightLeftRotation:
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Right == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!"); 
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Left.IsRed, "Left child of sibling must be red!");
                                newGrandParent =  RotateRightLeft(parent); 
                                break; 

                            case TreeRotation.LeftRightRotation: 
                                Debug.Assert(parent.Left == sibling, "sibling must be left child of parent!");
                                Debug.Assert(sibling.Right.IsRed, "Right child of sibling must be red!");
                                newGrandParent = RotateLeftRight(parent);
                                break; 
                            }
 
                            newGrandParent.IsRed = parent.IsRed; 
                            parent.IsRed = false;
                            current.IsRed = true; 
                            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot( grandParent, parent, newGrandParent);
                            if ( parent  == match) {
                                parentOfMatch = newGrandParent;
                            } 
                            grandParent = newGrandParent;
                        } 
                    } 
                }
 
                // we don't need to compare any more once we found the match
                int order = foundMatch? -1 : comparer.Compare( item, current.Item);
                if ( order == 0) {
                    // save the matching node 
                    foundMatch = true;
                    match = current; 
                    parentOfMatch = parent; 
                }
 
                grandParent = parent;
                parent  = current;

                if ( order < 0) { 
                    current = current.Left;
                } else { 
                    current = current.Right;       // continue the search in  right sub tree after we find a match 
                }
            } 

            // move successor to the matching node position and replace links
            if ( match != null) {
                ReplaceNode(match, parentOfMatch, parent, grandParent); 
                --count;
            } 
 
            if ( root != null) {
                root.IsRed = false; 
            }
            ++version;
            return foundMatch;
        } 

        // LinkDemand here is unnecessary as this is a methodimpl and linkdemand from the interface should suffice 
        void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { 
            GetObjectData(info, context);
        } 

        protected void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
            if (info==null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.info); 
            }
 
            info.AddValue(CountName, count); //This is the length of the bucket array. 
            info.AddValue(ComparerName, comparer, typeof(IComparer));
            info.AddValue(VersionName, version); 

            if( root != null) {
                T[] items = new T[Count];
                CopyTo(items, 0); 
                info.AddValue(ItemsName, items, typeof(T[]));
            } 
        } 

        void IDeserializationCallback.OnDeserialization(Object sender) { 
            OnDeserialization(sender);
        }

        protected void OnDeserialization(Object sender) { 
            if (comparer != null) {
                return; //Somebody had a dependency on this class and fixed us up before the ObjectManager got to it. 
            } 

            if (siInfo==null) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_InvalidOnDeser);
            }

            comparer   = (IComparer)siInfo.GetValue(ComparerName, typeof(IComparer)); 
            int savedCount = siInfo.GetInt32(CountName);
 
            if( savedCount != 0) { 
                T[] items = (T[]) siInfo.GetValue(ItemsName, typeof(T[]));
 
                if (items == null) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_MissingValues);
                }
 
                for (int i=  0; i < items.Length; i++) {
                    Add(items[i]); 
                } 
            }
 
            version = siInfo.GetInt32(VersionName);
            if( count != savedCount) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowSerializationException(ExceptionResource.Serialization_MismatchedCount);
            } 
            siInfo = null;
        } 
 
        private static Node GetSibling( Node node, Node parent) {
            if ( parent.Left == node) { 
                return parent.Right;
            }
            return parent.Left;
        } 

        // After calling InsertionBalance, we need to make sure current and parent up-to-date. 
        // It doesn't matter if we keep grandParent and greatGrantParent up-to-date 
        // because we won't need to split again in the next node.
        // By the time we need to split again, everything will be correctly set. 
        //
        private void InsertionBalance(Node current, ref Node parent, Node grandParent, Node greatGrandParent ) {
            Debug.Assert( grandParent != null, "Grand parent cannot be null here!");
            bool parentIsOnRight = (grandParent.Right == parent); 
            bool currentIsOnRight = (parent.Right == current);
 
            Node newChildOfGreatGrandParent; 
            if ( parentIsOnRight == currentIsOnRight) { // same orientation, single rotation
                newChildOfGreatGrandParent = currentIsOnRight? RotateLeft(grandParent) : RotateRight(grandParent); 
            } else {  // different orientaton, double rotation
                newChildOfGreatGrandParent = currentIsOnRight? RotateLeftRight(grandParent) : RotateRightLeft(grandParent);
                // current node now becomes the child of greatgrandparent
                parent = greatGrandParent; 
            }
            // grand parent will become a child of either parent of current. 
            grandParent.IsRed = true; 
            newChildOfGreatGrandParent.IsRed = false;
 
            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot( greatGrandParent, grandParent, newChildOfGreatGrandParent);
        }

        private static bool Is2Node(Node node)  { 
            Debug.Assert(node != null, "node cannot be null!");
            return IsBlack(node) && IsNullOrBlack(node.Left) && IsNullOrBlack(node.Right); 
        } 

        private static bool Is4Node(Node node) { 
            return IsRed(node.Left) && IsRed(node.Right);
        }

        private static bool IsBlack(Node node)  { 
            return(node != null && !node.IsRed);
        } 
 
        private static bool IsNullOrBlack(Node node)  {
            return(node == null ||  !node.IsRed); 
        }

        private static bool IsRed(Node node)  {
            return(node != null && node.IsRed); 
        }
 
        private static void Merge2Nodes(Node parent, Node child1, Node child2) { 
            Debug.Assert(IsRed(parent), "parent must be be red");
            // combing two 2-nodes into a 4-node 
            parent.IsRed = false;
            child1.IsRed = true;
            child2.IsRed = true;
        } 

        // Replace the child of a parent node. 
        // If the parent node is null, replace the root. 
        private void ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(Node parent, Node child, Node newChild) {
            if ( parent != null) { 
                if (parent.Left == child) {
                    parent.Left = newChild;
                } else {
                    parent.Right = newChild; 
                }
            } else { 
                root = newChild; 
            }
        } 

        // Replace the matching node with its succesor.
        private void ReplaceNode(Node match, Node parentOfMatch, Node succesor, Node parentOfSuccesor) {
            if ( succesor == match) {  // this node has no successor, should only happen if right child of matching node is null. 
                Debug.Assert( match.Right == null, "Right child must be null!");
                succesor = match.Left; 
            } else { 
                Debug.Assert(  parentOfSuccesor  != null, "parent of successor cannot be null!");
                Debug.Assert(  succesor.Left == null, "Left child of succesor must be null!"); 
                Debug.Assert(  (succesor.Right == null  && succesor.IsRed)  || ( succesor.Right.IsRed && !succesor.IsRed ), "Succesor must be in valid state");
                if ( succesor.Right != null) {
                    succesor.Right.IsRed = false;
                } 

                if ( parentOfSuccesor != match) {   // detach succesor from its parent and set its right child 
                    parentOfSuccesor.Left = succesor.Right; 
                    succesor.Right = match.Right;
                } 

                succesor.Left = match.Left;
            }
 
            if ( succesor != null) {
                succesor.IsRed = match.IsRed; 
            } 

            ReplaceChildOfNodeOrRoot(parentOfMatch, match, succesor); 
        }

        internal void UpdateVersion() {
            ++version; 
        }
 
        private static Node RotateLeft(Node node) { 
            Node x = node.Right;
            node.Right = x.Left; 
            x.Left = node;
            return x;
        }
 
        private static Node RotateLeftRight(Node node) {
            Node child = node.Left; 
            Node grandChild = child.Right; 

            node.Left = grandChild.Right; 
            grandChild.Right = node;
            child.Right = grandChild.Left;
            grandChild.Left = child;
            return grandChild; 
        }
 
        private static Node RotateRight(Node node) { 
            Node x = node.Left;
            node.Left = x.Right; 
            x.Right = node;
            return x;
        }
 
        private static Node RotateRightLeft(Node node) {
            Node child = node.Right; 
            Node grandChild = child.Left; 

            node.Right = grandChild.Left; 
            grandChild.Left = node;
            child.Left = grandChild.Right;
            grandChild.Right = child;
            return grandChild; 
        }
 
        private static TreeRotation RotationNeeded(Node parent, Node current, Node sibling) { 
            Debug.Assert(IsRed(sibling.Left) || IsRed(sibling.Right), "sibling must have at least one red child");
            if ( IsRed(sibling.Left)) { 
                if ( parent.Left == current) {
                    return TreeRotation.RightLeftRotation;
                }
                return TreeRotation.RightRotation; 
            } else {
                if ( parent.Left == current) { 
                    return TreeRotation.LeftRotation; 
                }
                return TreeRotation.LeftRightRotation; 
            }
        }

        private static void Split4Node(Node node) { 
            node.IsRed = true;
            node.Left.IsRed = false; 
            node.Right.IsRed = false; 
        }
 
        internal class Node {
            bool isRed;
            T item;
            Node left; 
            Node right;
 
            public Node(T item) { 
                // The default color will be red, we never need to create a black node directly.
                this.item = item; 
                isRed = true;
            }

            public Node(T item, bool isRed) { 
                // The default color will be red, we never need to create a black node directly.
                this.item = item; 
                this.isRed = isRed; 
            }
 
            public T Item {
                get {
                    return item;
                } 
                set {
                    item = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public Node Left {
                get {
                    return left;
                } 
                set {
                    left = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public Node Right {
                get {
                    return right;
                } 
                set  {
                    right = value; 
                } 
            }
 
            public bool IsRed {
                get {
                    return isRed;
                } 
                set {
                    isRed = value; 
                } 
            }
        } 

        public struct Enumerator : IEnumerator, IEnumerator {
            private TreeSet tree;
            private int version; 
            private Stack< TreeSet.Node> stack;
            private TreeSet.Node current; 
            static TreeSet.Node dummyNode = new TreeSet.Node(default(T)); 

            private const string TreeName = "Tree"; 
            private const string NodeValueName = "Item";
            private const string EnumStartName = "EnumStarted";
            private const string VersionName = "Version";
 

            internal Enumerator(TreeSet set) { 
                tree = set; 
                version = tree.version;
 
                // 2lg(n + 1) is the maximum height
                stack = new Stack< TreeSet.Node>(2* (int)Math.Log(set.Count + 1));
                current = null;
                Intialize(); 
            }
 
            private void Intialize() { 
                current = null;
                TreeSet.Node node = tree.root; 
                while (node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node);
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
            }
 
            public bool MoveNext() { 
                if (version != tree.version) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion); 
                }

                if ( stack.Count == 0) {
                    current = null; 
                    return false;
                } 
 
                current = stack.Pop();
                TreeSet.Node node = current.Right; 
                while ( node != null) {
                    stack.Push(node);
                    node = node.Left;
                } 
                return true;
            } 
 
            public void Dispose() {
            } 

            public T Current {
                get {
                    if( current != null) { 
                        return current.Item;
                    } 
                    return default(T); 
                }
            } 

            object IEnumerator.Current {
                get {
                    if( current == null) { 
                         ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumOpCantHappen);
                    } 
 
                    return current.Item;
                } 
            }

            internal bool NotStartedOrEnded {
                get { 
                    return current == null;
                } 
            } 

            internal void Reset() { 
                if (version != tree.version) {
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion);
                }
 
                stack.Clear();
                Intialize(); 
            } 

            void IEnumerator.Reset() { 
                Reset();
            }
        }
    } 
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

                        

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