ArgumentValidation.cs source code in C# .NET

                        
Code:
                         / 4.0 / 4.0 / untmp / DEVDIV_TFS / Dev10 / Releases / RTMRel / ndp / fx / src / DataEntity / System / Data / Common / CommandTrees / ExpressionBuilder / Internal / ArgumentValidation.cs / 1305376 / ArgumentValidation.cs
                        

                        
                            //---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
// 
//      Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// 
// 
// @owner  [....]
// @backupOwner [....] 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------- 

using System.Collections.Generic; 
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Globalization;

using System.Data.Metadata.Edm; // for TypeHelpers 
using System.Data.Common.CommandTrees;
 
using System.Data.Common; 
using System.Data.Common.CommandTrees.Internal;
using System.Linq; 
using System.Data.Common.Utils;

namespace System.Data.Common.CommandTrees.ExpressionBuilder.Internal
{ 
    internal static class ArgumentValidation
    { 
        private static TypeUsage _booleanType = EdmProviderManifest.Instance.GetCanonicalModelTypeUsage(PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean); 

        // The Metadata ReadOnlyCollection class conflicts with System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection... 
        internal static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection NewReadOnlyCollection(IList list)
        {
            return new System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection(list);
        } 

        private static void RequirePolymorphicType(TypeUsage type, string typeArgumentName) 
        { 
            Debug.Assert(type != null, "Ensure type is non-null before calling RequirePolymorphicType");
 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsPolymorphicType(type))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_PolymorphicTypeRequired(TypeHelpers.GetFullName(type)), "type");
            } 
        }
 
        private static void RequireCompatibleType(DbExpression expression, TypeUsage requiredResultType, string argumentName) 
        {
            RequireCompatibleType(expression, requiredResultType, argumentName, -1); 
        }

        private static void RequireCompatibleType(DbExpression expression, TypeUsage requiredResultType, string argumentName, int argumentIndex)
        { 
            Debug.Assert(expression != null, "Ensure expression is non-null before checking for type compatibility");
            Debug.Assert(requiredResultType != null, "Ensure type is non-null before checking for type compatibility"); 
 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsStructurallyEqualOrPromotableTo(expression.ResultType, requiredResultType))
            { 
                // Don't call FormatIndex unless an exception is actually being thrown
                if (argumentIndex != -1)
                {
                    argumentName = StringUtil.FormatIndex(argumentName, argumentIndex); 
                }
 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_ExpressionLink_TypeMismatch( 
                        TypeHelpers.GetFullName(expression.ResultType),
                        TypeHelpers.GetFullName(requiredResultType) 
                    ),
                    argumentName
                );
            } 
        }
 
        private static void RequireCompatibleType(DbExpression expression, PrimitiveTypeKind requiredResultType, string argumentName) 
        {
            RequireCompatibleType(expression, requiredResultType, argumentName, -1); 
        }

        private static void RequireCompatibleType(DbExpression expression, PrimitiveTypeKind requiredResultType, string argumentName, int index)
        { 
            Debug.Assert(expression != null, "Ensure expression is non-null before checking for type compatibility");
 
            PrimitiveTypeKind valueTypeKind; 
            bool valueIsPrimitive = TypeHelpers.TryGetPrimitiveTypeKind(expression.ResultType, out valueTypeKind);
            if (!valueIsPrimitive || 
                valueTypeKind != requiredResultType)
            {
                if (index != -1)
                { 
                    argumentName = StringUtil.FormatIndex(argumentName, index);
                } 
 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(
                    System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_ExpressionLink_TypeMismatch( 
                        (valueIsPrimitive ?
                          Enum.GetName(typeof(PrimitiveTypeKind), valueTypeKind)
                        : TypeHelpers.GetFullName(expression.ResultType)),
                        Enum.GetName(typeof(PrimitiveTypeKind), requiredResultType) 
                    ),
                    argumentName 
                ); 
            }
        } 

        private static void RequireCompatibleType(DbExpression from, RelationshipEndMember end)
        {
            Debug.Assert(from != null, "Ensure navigation source expression is non-null before calling RequireCompatibleType"); 
            Debug.Assert(end != null, "Ensure navigation start end is non-null before calling RequireCompatibleType");
 
            TypeUsage endType = end.TypeUsage; 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsReferenceType(endType))
            { 
                //
                // The only relation end that is currently allowed to have a non-Reference type is the Child end of
                // a composition, in which case the end type must be an entity type.
                // 
                // Debug.Assert(end.Relation.IsComposition && !end.IsParent && (end.Type is EntityType), "Relation end can only have non-Reference type if it is a Composition child end");
 
                endType = TypeHelpers.CreateReferenceTypeUsage(TypeHelpers.GetEdmType(endType)); 
            }
 
            TypeUsage retType = TypeHelpers.GetCommonTypeUsage(endType, from.ResultType);
            if (null == retType)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_RelNav_WrongSourceType(TypeHelpers.GetFullName(endType)), "from"); 
            }
        } 
 
        private static void RequireCollectionArgument(DbExpression argument)
        { 
            Debug.Assert(argument != null, "Validate argument is non-null before calling CheckCollectionArgument");

            if (!TypeSemantics.IsCollectionType(argument.ResultType))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Unary_CollectionRequired(typeof(TExpressionType).Name), "argument");
            } 
        } 

        private static TypeUsage RequireCollectionArguments(DbExpression left, DbExpression right) 
        {
            Debug.Assert(left != null && right != null, "Ensure left and right are non-null before calling RequireCollectionArguments");

            if (!TypeSemantics.IsCollectionType(left.ResultType) || !TypeSemantics.IsCollectionType(right.ResultType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binary_CollectionsRequired(typeof(TExpressionType).Name)); 
            } 

            TypeUsage commonType = TypeHelpers.GetCommonTypeUsage(left.ResultType, right.ResultType); 
            if (null == commonType)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binary_CollectionsRequired(typeof(TExpressionType).Name));
            } 

            return commonType; 
        } 

        private static TypeUsage RequireComparableCollectionArguments(DbExpression left, DbExpression right) 
        {
            TypeUsage resultType = RequireCollectionArguments(left, right);

            if (!TypeHelpers.IsSetComparableOpType(TypeHelpers.GetElementTypeUsage(left.ResultType))) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_InvalidTypeForSetOperation(TypeHelpers.GetElementTypeUsage(left.ResultType).Identity, typeof(TExpressionType).Name), "left"); 
            } 

            if (!TypeHelpers.IsSetComparableOpType(TypeHelpers.GetElementTypeUsage(right.ResultType))) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_InvalidTypeForSetOperation(TypeHelpers.GetElementTypeUsage(right.ResultType).Identity, typeof(TExpressionType).Name), "right");
            }
 
            return resultType;
        } 
 
        private static EnumerableValidator CreateValidator(IEnumerable argument, string argumentName, Func convertElement, Func, TResult> createResult)
        { 
            EnumerableValidator ret = new EnumerableValidator(argument, argumentName);
            ret.ConvertElement = convertElement;
            ret.CreateResult = createResult;
            return ret; 
        }
 
        private static DbExpressionList CreateExpressionList(IEnumerable arguments, string argumentName, Action validationCallback) 
        {
            return CreateExpressionList(arguments, argumentName, false, validationCallback); 
        }

        private static DbExpressionList CreateExpressionList(IEnumerable arguments, string argumentName, bool allowEmpty, Action validationCallback)
        { 
            var ev = CreateValidator(arguments, argumentName,
                (exp, idx) => 
                { 
                    if (validationCallback != null)
                    { 
                        validationCallback(exp, idx);
                    }
                    return exp;
                }, 
                expList => new DbExpressionList(expList)
            ); 
 
            ev.AllowEmpty = allowEmpty;
 
            return ev.Validate();
        }

        private static DbExpressionList CreateExpressionList(IEnumerable arguments, string argumentName, int expectedElementCount, Action validationCallback) 
        {
            var ev = CreateValidator(arguments, argumentName, 
                (exp, idx) => 
                {
                    if (validationCallback != null) 
                    {
                        validationCallback(exp, idx);
                    }
                    return exp; 
                },
                (expList) => new DbExpressionList(expList) 
            ); 

            ev.ExpectedElementCount = expectedElementCount; 
            ev.AllowEmpty = false;

            return ev.Validate();
        } 

        private static TypeUsage ValidateBinary(DbExpression left, DbExpression right) 
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(left, "left");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(right, "right"); 

            return TypeHelpers.GetCommonTypeUsage(left.ResultType, right.ResultType);
        }
 
        private static void ValidateUnary(DbExpression argument)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument"); 
        }
 
        private static void ValidateTypeUnary(DbExpression argument, TypeUsage type, string typeArgumentName)
        {
            ValidateUnary(argument);
            CheckType(type, typeArgumentName); 
        }
 
        #region Bindings - Expression and Group 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateBindAs(DbExpression input, string varName) 
        {
            //
            // Ensure no argument is null
            // 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(varName, "varName");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(input, "input"); 
 
            //
            // Ensure Variable name is non-empty 
            //
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(varName))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binding_VariableNameNotValid, "varName"); 
            }
 
            // 
            // Ensure the DbExpression has a collection result type
            // 
            TypeUsage elementType = null;
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetCollectionElementType(input.ResultType, out elementType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binding_CollectionRequired, "input"); 
            }
 
            Debug.Assert(elementType.IsReadOnly, "DbExpressionBinding Expression ResultType has editable element type"); 

            return elementType; 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateGroupBindAs(DbExpression input, string varName, string groupVarName)
        { 
            //
            // Ensure no argument is null 
            // 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(varName, "varName");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(groupVarName, "groupVarName"); 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(input, "input");

            //
            // Ensure Variable and Group names are both non-empty 
            //
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(varName)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binding_VariableNameNotValid, "varName");
            } 

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(groupVarName))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBinding_GroupVariableNameNotValid, "groupVarName"); 
            }
 
            // 
            // Ensure the DbExpression has a collection result type
            // 
            TypeUsage elementType = null;
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetCollectionElementType(input.ResultType, out elementType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBinding_CollectionRequired, "input"); 
            }
 
            Debug.Assert((elementType.IsReadOnly), "DbGroupExpressionBinding Expression ResultType has editable element type"); 

            return elementType; 
        }

        #endregion
 
        #region Aggregates and Sort Keys
 
        private static FunctionParameter[] GetExpectedParameters(EdmFunction function) 
        {
            Debug.Assert(function != null, "Ensure function is non-null before calling GetExpectedParameters"); 
            return function.Parameters.Where(p => p.Mode == ParameterMode.In || p.Mode == ParameterMode.InOut).ToArray();
        }

        internal static DbExpressionList ValidateFunctionAggregate(EdmFunction function, IEnumerable args) 
        {
            // 
            // Verify that the aggregate function is from the metadata collection and data space of the command tree. 
            //
            ArgumentValidation.CheckFunction(function); 

            // Verify that the function is actually a valid aggregate function.
            // For now, only a single argument is allowed.
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsAggregateFunction(function) || 
                null == function.ReturnParameter ||
                TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(function.ReturnParameter.TypeUsage)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Aggregate_InvalidFunction, "function");
            } 

            FunctionParameter[] expectedParams = GetExpectedParameters(function);
            DbExpressionList funcArgs = CreateExpressionList(args, "argument", expectedParams.Length, (exp, idx) =>
                { 
                    TypeUsage paramType = expectedParams[idx].TypeUsage;
                    TypeUsage elementType = null; 
                    if (TypeHelpers.TryGetCollectionElementType(paramType, out elementType)) 
                    {
                        paramType = elementType; 
                    }

                    ArgumentValidation.RequireCompatibleType(exp, paramType, "argument");
                } 
            );
 
            return funcArgs; 
        }
 
        internal static DbExpressionList ValidateGroupAggregate(DbExpression argument)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument");
            return new DbExpressionList(new[] { argument }); 
        }
 
        internal static void ValidateSortClause(DbExpression key) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(key, "key"); 

            if (!TypeHelpers.IsValidSortOpKeyType(key.ResultType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Sort_OrderComparable, "key"); 
            }
        } 
 
        internal static void ValidateSortClause(DbExpression key, string collation)
        { 
            ValidateSortClause(key);

            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(collation, "collation");
            if (StringUtil.IsNullOrEmptyOrWhiteSpace(collation)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.ArgumentOutOfRange(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Sort_EmptyCollationInvalid, "collation"); 
            } 

            if (!TypeSemantics.IsPrimitiveType(key.ResultType, PrimitiveTypeKind.String)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Sort_NonStringCollationInvalid, "collation");
            }
        } 

        #endregion 
 
        #region DbLambda
 
        internal static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection ValidateLambda(IEnumerable variables, DbExpression body)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(body, "body");
 
            var varVal = CreateValidator(variables, "variables",
                (varExp, idx) => 
                { 
                    if (null == varExp)
                    { 
                        throw EntityUtil.ArgumentNull(StringUtil.FormatIndex("variables", idx));
                    }
                    return varExp;
                }, 
                (varList) => new System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection(varList)
            ); 
            varVal.AllowEmpty = true; 
            varVal.GetName = (varDef, idx) => varDef.VariableName;
 
            var result = varVal.Validate();
            return result;
        }
 
        #endregion
 
        #region Binding-based methods: All, Any, Cross|OuterApply, Cross|FullOuter|Inner|LeftOuterJoin, Filter, GroupBy, Project, Skip, Sort 

        private static void ValidateBinding(DbExpressionBinding binding, string argumentName) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(binding, argumentName);
        }
 
        private static void ValidateGroupBinding(DbGroupExpressionBinding binding, string argumentName)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(binding, argumentName); 
        }
 
        private static void ValidateBound(DbExpressionBinding input, DbExpression argument, string argumentName)
        {
            ValidateBinding(input, "input");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, argumentName); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateQuantifier(DbExpressionBinding input, DbExpression predicate) 
        {
            ValidateBound(input, predicate, "predicate"); 
            RequireCompatibleType(predicate, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, "predicate");

            return predicate.ResultType;
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateApply(DbExpressionBinding input, DbExpressionBinding apply) 
        { 
            ValidateBinding(input, "input");
            ValidateBinding(apply, "apply"); 

            //
            // Duplicate Input and Apply binding names are not allowed
            // 
            if (input.VariableName.Equals(apply.VariableName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Apply_DuplicateVariableNames); 
            }
 
            //
            // Initialize the result type
            //
            List> recordCols = new List>(); 
            recordCols.Add(new KeyValuePair(input.VariableName, input.VariableType));
            recordCols.Add(new KeyValuePair(apply.VariableName, apply.VariableType)); 
 
            return CreateCollectionOfRowResultType(recordCols);
        } 

        internal static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection ValidateCrossJoin(IEnumerable inputs, out TypeUsage resultType)
        {
            // 
            // Ensure that the list of input expression bindings is non-null.
            // 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(inputs, "inputs"); 

            // 
            // Validate the input expression bindings and build the column types for the record type
            // component of the collection of record type result type of the join.
            //
            List inputList = new List(); 
            List> columns = new List>();
            Dictionary bindingNames = new Dictionary(); 
            IEnumerator inputEnum = inputs.GetEnumerator(); 
            int iPos = 0;
            while (inputEnum.MoveNext()) 
            {
                DbExpressionBinding input = inputEnum.Current;

                // 
                // Validate the DbExpressionBinding before accessing its properties
                // 
                ValidateBinding(input, StringUtil.FormatIndex("inputs", iPos)); 

                // 
                // Duplicate binding names are not allowed
                //
                int nameIndex = -1;
                if (bindingNames.TryGetValue(input.VariableName, out nameIndex)) 
                {
                    throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_CrossJoin_DuplicateVariableNames(nameIndex, iPos, input.VariableName)); 
                } 

                inputList.Add(input); 
                bindingNames.Add(input.VariableName, iPos);

                columns.Add(new KeyValuePair(input.VariableName, input.VariableType));
 
                iPos++;
            } 
 
            if (inputList.Count < 2)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_CrossJoin_AtLeastTwoInputs, "inputs");
            }

            // 
            // Initialize the result type
            // 
            resultType = CreateCollectionOfRowResultType(columns); 

            // 
            // Initialize state
            //
            return inputList.AsReadOnly();
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateJoin(DbExpressionBinding left, DbExpressionBinding right, DbExpression joinCondition) 
        { 
            //
            // Validate 
            //
            ValidateBinding(left, "left");
            ValidateBinding(left, "right");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(joinCondition, "joinCondition"); 

            // 
            // Duplicate Left and Right binding names are not allowed 
            //
            if (left.VariableName.Equals(right.VariableName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Join_DuplicateVariableNames);
            }
 
            //
            // Validate the JoinCondition) 
            // 
            RequireCompatibleType(joinCondition, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, "joinCondition");
 
            //
            // Initialize the result type
            //
            List> columns = new List>(2); 
            columns.Add(new KeyValuePair(left.VariableName, left.VariableType));
            columns.Add(new KeyValuePair(right.VariableName, right.VariableType)); 
 
            return CreateCollectionOfRowResultType(columns);
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateFilter(DbExpressionBinding input, DbExpression predicate)
        {
            ValidateBound(input, predicate, "predicate"); 
            RequireCompatibleType(predicate, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, "predicate");
            return input.Expression.ResultType; 
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateGroupBy(DbGroupExpressionBinding input, IEnumerable> keys, IEnumerable> aggregates, out DbExpressionList validKeys, out System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection validAggregates) 
        {
            //
            // Validate the input set
            // 
            ValidateGroupBinding(input, "input");
 
            // 
            // Track the cumulative set of column names and types, as well as key column names
            // 
            List> columns = new List>();
            HashSet keyNames = new HashSet();

            // 
            // Validate the grouping keys
            // 
            var keyValidator = CreateValidator(keys, "keys", 
                (keyInfo, index) =>
                { 
                    ArgumentValidation.CheckNamed(keyInfo, "keys", index);

                    //
                    // The result Type of an expression used as a group key must be equality comparable 
                    //
                    if (!TypeHelpers.IsValidGroupKeyType(keyInfo.Value.ResultType)) 
                    { 
                        throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBy_KeyNotEqualityComparable(keyInfo.Key));
                    } 

                    keyNames.Add(keyInfo.Key);
                    columns.Add(new KeyValuePair(keyInfo.Key, keyInfo.Value.ResultType));
 
                    return keyInfo.Value;
                }, 
                expList => new DbExpressionList(expList) 
            );
            keyValidator.AllowEmpty = true; 
            keyValidator.GetName = (keyInfo, idx) => keyInfo.Key;
            validKeys = keyValidator.Validate();

            bool hasGroupAggregate = false; 
            var aggValidator = CreateValidator(aggregates, "aggregates",
                (aggInfo, idx) => 
                { 
                    ArgumentValidation.CheckNamed(aggInfo, "aggregates", idx);
 
                    //
                    // Is there a grouping key with the same name?
                    //
                    if (keyNames.Contains(aggInfo.Key)) 
                    {
                        throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBy_AggregateColumnExistsAsGroupColumn(aggInfo.Key)); 
                    } 

                    // 
                    // At most one group aggregate can be specified
                    //
                    if (aggInfo.Value is DbGroupAggregate)
                    { 
                        if (hasGroupAggregate)
                        { 
                            throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBy_MoreThanOneGroupAggregate); 
                        }
                        else 
                        {
                            hasGroupAggregate = true;
                        }
                    } 

                    columns.Add(new KeyValuePair(aggInfo.Key, aggInfo.Value.ResultType)); 
                    return aggInfo.Value; 
                },
                aggList => NewReadOnlyCollection(aggList) 
            );
            aggValidator.AllowEmpty = true;
            aggValidator.GetName = (aggInfo, idx) => aggInfo.Key;
            validAggregates = aggValidator.Validate(); 

            // 
            // Either the Keys or Aggregates may be omitted, but not both 
            //
            if (0 == validKeys.Count && 0 == validAggregates.Count) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GroupBy_AtLeastOneKeyOrAggregate);
            }
 
            //
            // Create the result type. This is a collection of the record type produced by the group keys and aggregates. 
            // 
            return CreateCollectionOfRowResultType(columns);
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateProject(DbExpressionBinding input, DbExpression projection)
        {
            ValidateBound(input, projection, "projection"); 
            return  CreateCollectionResultType(projection.ResultType);
        } 
 
        /// 

        /// Validates the input and sort key arguments to both DbSkipExpression and DbSortExpression. 
        /// 
        /// A DbExpressionBinding that provides the collection to be ordered
        /// A list of SortClauses that specifies the sort order to apply to the input collection
        private static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection ValidateSortArguments(DbExpressionBinding input, IEnumerable sortOrder) 
        {
            ValidateBinding(input, "input"); 
 
            var ev = CreateValidator(sortOrder, "sortOrder",
                (key, idx) => key, 
                keyList => NewReadOnlyCollection(keyList)
            );
            ev.AllowEmpty = false;
            return ev.Validate(); 
        }
 
        internal static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection ValidateSkip(DbExpressionBinding input, IEnumerable sortOrder, DbExpression count) 
        {
            // 
            // Validate the input expression binding and sort keys
            //
            var sortKeys = ValidateSortArguments(input, sortOrder);
 
            //
            // Initialize the Count ExpressionLink. In addition to being non-null and from the same command tree, 
            // the Count expression must also have an integer result type. 
            //
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(count, "count"); 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsIntegerNumericType(count.ResultType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Skip_IntegerRequired, "count");
            } 

            // 
            // Currently the Count expression is also required to be either a DbConstantExpression or a DbParameterReferenceExpression. 
            //
            if (count.ExpressionKind != DbExpressionKind.Constant && 
                count.ExpressionKind != DbExpressionKind.ParameterReference)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Skip_ConstantOrParameterRefRequired, "count");
            } 

            // 
            // For constants, verify the count is non-negative. 
            //
            if (ArgumentValidation.IsConstantNegativeInteger(count)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Skip_NonNegativeCountRequired, "count");
            }
 
            return sortKeys;
        } 
 
        internal static System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection ValidateSort(DbExpressionBinding input, IEnumerable sortOrder)
        { 
            //
            // Validate the input expression binding and sort keys
            //
            return ValidateSortArguments(input, sortOrder); 
        }
 
        #endregion 

        #region Leaf Expressions - Null, Constant, Parameter, Scan 

        internal static void ValidateNull(TypeUsage nullType)
        {
            CheckType(nullType, "nullType"); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateConstant(object value) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(value, "value"); 

            //
            // Check that typeof(value) is actually a valid constant (i.e. primitive) type
            // 
            PrimitiveTypeKind primitiveTypeKind;
            if (!ArgumentValidation.TryGetPrimitiveTypeKind(value.GetType(), out primitiveTypeKind)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Constant_InvalidType, "value");
            } 

            return TypeHelpers.GetLiteralTypeUsage(primitiveTypeKind);
        }
 
        internal static void ValidateConstant(TypeUsage constantType, object value)
        { 
            // 
            // Basic validation of constant value and constant type (non-null, read-only, etc)
            // 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(value, "value");
            ArgumentValidation.CheckType(constantType, "constantType");

            // 
            // Verify that constantType is a primitive type and that value is an instance of that primitive type
            // Note that the value is not validated against applicable facets (such as MaxLength for a string value), 
            // this is left to the server. 
            //
            PrimitiveType primitiveType; 
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetEdmType(constantType, out primitiveType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Constant_InvalidConstantType(constantType.ToString()), "constantType");
            } 

            PrimitiveTypeKind valueKind; 
            if (!ArgumentValidation.TryGetPrimitiveTypeKind(value.GetType(), out valueKind) || 
                primitiveType.PrimitiveTypeKind != valueKind)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Constant_InvalidValueForType(constantType.ToString()), "value");
            }
        }
 
        internal static void ValidateParameter(TypeUsage type, string name)
        { 
            ArgumentValidation.CheckType(type); 

            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(name, "name"); 
            if (!DbCommandTree.IsValidParameterName(name))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_CommandTree_InvalidParameterName(name), "name");
            } 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateScan(EntitySetBase entitySet) 
        {
            ArgumentValidation.CheckEntitySet(entitySet, "targetSet"); 
            return ArgumentValidation.CreateCollectionResultType(entitySet.ElementType);
        }

        internal static void ValidateVariable(TypeUsage type, string name) 
        {
            CheckType(type); 
 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(name, "name");
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Binding_VariableNameNotValid, "name");
            }
        } 

        #endregion 
 
        #region Boolean Operators - And, Or, Not
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateAnd(DbExpression left, DbExpression right)
        {
            TypeUsage resultType = ValidateBinary(left, right);
            if (null == resultType || !TypeSemantics.IsPrimitiveType(resultType, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_And_BooleanArgumentsRequired); 
            } 

            return resultType; 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateOr(DbExpression left, DbExpression right)
        { 
            TypeUsage resultType = ValidateBinary(left, right);
            if (null == resultType || !TypeSemantics.IsPrimitiveType(resultType, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Or_BooleanArgumentsRequired);
            } 

            return resultType;
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNot(DbExpression argument)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument"); 

            // 
            // Argument to Not must have Boolean result type
            //
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsPrimitiveType(argument.ResultType, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Not_BooleanArgumentRequired);
            } 
 
            return argument.ResultType;
        } 

        #endregion

        #region Arithmetic Operators 

        internal static DbExpressionList ValidateArithmetic(DbExpression argument, out TypeUsage resultType) 
        { 
            ValidateUnary(argument);
            resultType = argument.ResultType; 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsNumericType(resultType))
            {
                //
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Arithmetic_NumericCommonType); 
            }
            //If argument to UnaryMinus is an unsigned type, promote return type to next higher, signed type. 
            if (TypeSemantics.IsUnsignedNumericType(argument.ResultType)) 
            {
                TypeUsage closestPromotableType = null; 
                if (TypeHelpers.TryGetClosestPromotableType(argument.ResultType, out closestPromotableType))
                {
                    resultType = closestPromotableType;
                } 
                else
                { 
                    throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Arithmetic_InvalidUnsignedTypeForUnaryMinus(argument.ResultType.EdmType.FullName)); 
                }
            } 
            return new DbExpressionList(new[] { argument });
        }

        internal static DbExpressionList ValidateArithmetic(DbExpression left, DbExpression right, out TypeUsage resultType) 
        {
            resultType = ValidateBinary(left, right); 
            if (TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(resultType) || !TypeSemantics.IsNumericType(resultType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Arithmetic_NumericCommonType); 
            }

            return new DbExpressionList(new[] { left, right });
        } 

        #endregion 
 
        #region Comparison
 
        internal  static TypeUsage ValidateComparison(DbExpressionKind kind, DbExpression left, DbExpression right)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(left, "left");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(right, "right"); 

            // 
            // A comparison of the specified kind must exist between the left and right arguments 
            //
            bool equality = true; 
            bool order = true;
            if (DbExpressionKind.GreaterThanOrEquals == kind ||
                DbExpressionKind.LessThanOrEquals == kind)
            { 
                equality = TypeSemantics.IsEqualComparableTo(left.ResultType, right.ResultType);
                order = TypeSemantics.IsOrderComparableTo(left.ResultType, right.ResultType); 
            } 
            else if (DbExpressionKind.Equals == kind ||
                     DbExpressionKind.NotEquals == kind) 
            {
                equality = TypeSemantics.IsEqualComparableTo(left.ResultType, right.ResultType);
            }
            else 
            {
                order = TypeSemantics.IsOrderComparableTo(left.ResultType, right.ResultType); 
            } 

            if (!equality || !order) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Comparison_ComparableRequired);
            }
 
            return _booleanType;
        } 
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateIsNull(DbExpression argument)
        { 
            return ValidateIsNull(argument, false);
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateIsNull(DbExpression argument, bool allowRowType) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument"); 
 
            //
            // The argument cannot be of a collection type 
            //
            if (TypeSemantics.IsCollectionType(argument.ResultType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_IsNull_CollectionNotAllowed); 
            }
 
            // 
            // ensure argument type is valid for this operation
            // 
            if (!TypeHelpers.IsValidIsNullOpType(argument.ResultType))
            {
                //
                if (!allowRowType || !TypeSemantics.IsRowType(argument.ResultType)) 
                {
                    throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_IsNull_InvalidType); 
                } 
            }
 
            return _booleanType;
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateLike(DbExpression argument, DbExpression pattern) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument"); 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(pattern, "pattern"); 

            RequireCompatibleType(argument, PrimitiveTypeKind.String, "argument"); 
            RequireCompatibleType(pattern, PrimitiveTypeKind.String, "pattern");

            return _booleanType;
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateLike(DbExpression argument, DbExpression pattern, DbExpression escape) 
        { 
            TypeUsage resultType = ValidateLike(argument, pattern);
 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(escape, "escape");
            RequireCompatibleType(escape, PrimitiveTypeKind.String, "escape");

            return resultType; 
        }
 
        #endregion 

        #region Type Operators - Cast, Treat, OfType, OfTypeOnly, IsOf, IsOfOnly 

        internal static void ValidateCastTo(DbExpression argument, TypeUsage toType)
        {
            ValidateTypeUnary(argument, toType, "toType"); 

            // 
            // Verify that the cast is allowed 
            //
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsCastAllowed(argument.ResultType, toType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Cast_InvalidCast(TypeHelpers.GetFullName(argument.ResultType), TypeHelpers.GetFullName(toType)));
            }
        } 

        internal static void ValidateTreatAs(DbExpression argument, TypeUsage asType) 
        { 
            ValidateTypeUnary(argument, asType, "asType");
 
            //
            // Verify the type to treat as. Treat-As (NullType) is not allowed.
            //
            RequirePolymorphicType(asType, "asType"); 

            // 
            // Verify that the Treat operation is allowed 
            //
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsValidPolymorphicCast(argument.ResultType, asType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_PolymorphicArgRequired(typeof(DbTreatExpression).Name));
            }
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateOfType(DbExpression argument, TypeUsage type) 
        { 
            ValidateTypeUnary(argument, type, "type");
 
            //
            // Ensure that the type is non-null and valid - from the same metadata collection and dataspace and the command tree.
            // The type is also not allowed to be NullType.
            // 
            RequirePolymorphicType(type, "type");
 
            // 
            // Ensure that the argument is actually of a collection type.
            // 
            RequireCollectionArgument(argument);

            //
            // Verify that the OfType operation is allowed 
            //
            TypeUsage elementType = null; 
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetCollectionElementType(argument.ResultType, out elementType) || 
                !TypeSemantics.IsValidPolymorphicCast(elementType, type))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_PolymorphicArgRequired(typeof(DbOfTypeExpression).Name));
            }

            // 
            // The type of this DbExpression is a new collection type based on the requested element type.
            // 
            return CreateCollectionResultType(type); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateIsOf(DbExpression argument, TypeUsage type)
        {
            ValidateTypeUnary(argument, type, "type");
 
            //
            // Ensure the ofType is non-null, associated with the correct metadata workspace/dataspace, 
            // is not NullType, and is polymorphic 
            //
            RequirePolymorphicType(type, "type"); 

            //
            // Verify that the IsOf operation is allowed
            // 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsValidPolymorphicCast(argument.ResultType, type))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_PolymorphicArgRequired(typeof(DbIsOfExpression).Name)); 
            }
 
            return _booleanType;
        }

        #endregion 

        #region Ref Operators - Deref, EntityRef, Ref, RefKey, RelationshipNavigation 
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateDeref(DbExpression argument)
        { 
            ValidateUnary(argument);

            //
            // Ensure that the operand is actually of a reference type. 
            //
            EntityType entityType; 
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetRefEntityType(argument.ResultType, out entityType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_DeRef_RefRequired, "argument"); 
            }

            //
            // Result Type is the element type of the reference type 
            //
            return CreateResultType(entityType); 
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateGetEntityRef(DbExpression argument) 
        {
            ValidateUnary(argument);

            EntityType entityType = null; 
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetEdmType(argument.ResultType, out entityType) || null == entityType)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GetEntityRef_EntityRequired, "argument"); 
            }
 
            return CreateReferenceResultType(entityType);
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateCreateRef(EntitySet entitySet, IEnumerable keyValues, out DbExpression keyConstructor) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(entitySet, "entitySet"); 
            return ValidateCreateRef(entitySet, entitySet.ElementType, keyValues, out keyConstructor); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateCreateRef(EntitySet entitySet, EntityType entityType, IEnumerable keyValues, out DbExpression keyConstructor)
        {
            CheckEntitySet(entitySet, "entitySet");
            CheckType(entityType, "entityType"); 

            // 
            // Verify that the specified return type of the Ref operation is actually in 
            // the same hierarchy as the Entity type of the specified Entity set.
            // 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsValidPolymorphicCast(entitySet.ElementType, entityType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Ref_PolymorphicArgRequired);
            } 

            // Validate the key values. The count of values must match the count of key members, 
            // and each key value must have a result type that is compatible with the type of 
            // the corresponding key member.
            IList keyMembers = entityType.KeyMembers; 
            var keyValueValidator = CreateValidator(keyValues, "keyValues",
                (valueExp, idx) =>
                {
                    RequireCompatibleType(valueExp, keyMembers[idx].TypeUsage, "keyValues", idx); 
                    return new KeyValuePair(keyMembers[idx].Name, valueExp);
                }, 
                (columnList) => columnList 
            );
            keyValueValidator.ExpectedElementCount = keyMembers.Count; 
            var keyColumns = keyValueValidator.Validate();

            keyConstructor = DbExpressionBuilder.NewRow(keyColumns);
            return CreateReferenceResultType(entityType); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateRefFromKey(EntitySet entitySet, DbExpression keyValues) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(entitySet, "entitySet"); 
            return ValidateRefFromKey(entitySet, keyValues, entitySet.ElementType);
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateRefFromKey(EntitySet entitySet, DbExpression keyValues, EntityType entityType) 
        {
            CheckEntitySet(entitySet, "entitySet"); 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(keyValues, "keyValues"); 
            CheckType(entityType);
 
            //
            // Verify that the specified return type of the Ref operation is actually in
            // the same hierarchy as the Entity type of the specified Entity set.
            // 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsValidPolymorphicCast(entitySet.ElementType, entityType))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Ref_PolymorphicArgRequired); 
            }
 
            //
            // The Argument DbExpression must construct a set of values of the same types as the Key members of the Entity
            // The names of the columns in the record type constructed by the Argument are not important, only that the
            // number of columns is the same as the number of Key members and that for each Key member the corresponding 
            // column (based on order) is of a promotable type.
            // To enforce this, the argument's result type is compared to a record type based on the names and types of 
            // the Key members. Since the promotability check used in RequireCompatibleType will ignore the names of the 
            // expected type's columns, RequireCompatibleType will therefore enforce the required level of type correctness
            // 
            // Set the expected type to be the record type created based on the Key members
            //
            TypeUsage keyType = CreateResultType(TypeHelpers.CreateKeyRowType(entitySet.ElementType));
            RequireCompatibleType(keyValues, keyType, "keyValues"); 

            return CreateReferenceResultType(entityType); 
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateGetRefKey(DbExpression argument) 
        {
            ValidateUnary(argument);

            RefType refType = null; 
            if (!TypeHelpers.TryGetEdmType(argument.ResultType, out refType) || null == refType)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_GetRefKey_RefRequired, "argument"); 
            }
 
            // RefType is responsible for basic validation of ElementType
            Debug.Assert(refType.ElementType != null, "RefType constructor allowed null ElementType?");

            return CreateResultType(TypeHelpers.CreateKeyRowType(refType.ElementType)); 
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1811:AvoidUncalledPrivateCode")] 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNavigate(DbExpression navigateFrom, RelationshipType type, string fromEndName, string toEndName, out RelationshipEndMember fromEnd, out RelationshipEndMember toEnd)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(navigateFrom, "navigateFrom");

            //
            // Ensure that the relation type is non-null and from the same metadata workspace as the command tree 
            //
            CheckType(type); 
 
            //
            // Verify that the from and to relation end names are not null 
            //
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(fromEndName, "fromEndName");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(toEndName, "toEndName");
 
            //
            // Retrieve the relation end properties with the specified 'from' and 'to' names 
            // 
            if (!type.RelationshipEndMembers.TryGetValue(fromEndName, false /*ignoreCase*/, out fromEnd))
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.ArgumentOutOfRange(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Factory_NoSuchRelationEnd, fromEndName);
            }

            if (!type.RelationshipEndMembers.TryGetValue(toEndName, false /*ignoreCase*/, out toEnd)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.ArgumentOutOfRange(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Factory_NoSuchRelationEnd, toEndName); 
            } 

            // 
            // Validate the retrieved relation end against the navigation source
            //
            RequireCompatibleType(navigateFrom, fromEnd);
 
            return CreateResultType(toEnd);
        } 
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNavigate(DbExpression navigateFrom, RelationshipEndMember fromEnd, RelationshipEndMember toEnd, out RelationshipType relType)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(navigateFrom, "navigateFrom");

            //
            // Validate the relationship ends before use 
            //
            CheckMember(fromEnd, "fromEnd"); 
            CheckMember(toEnd, "toEnd"); 

            relType = fromEnd.DeclaringType as RelationshipType; 

            //
            // Ensure that the relation type is non-null and read-only
            // 
            CheckType(relType);
 
            // 
            // Validate that the 'to' relationship end is defined by the same relationship type as the 'from' end
            // 
            if (!relType.Equals(toEnd.DeclaringType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Factory_IncompatibleRelationEnds, "toEnd");
            } 

            RequireCompatibleType(navigateFrom, fromEnd); 
 
            return CreateResultType(toEnd);
        } 

        #endregion

        #region Unary and Binary Set Operators - Distinct, Element, IsEmpty, Except, Intersect, UnionAll, Limit 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateDistinct(DbExpression argument) 
        { 
            ValidateUnary(argument);
 
            //
            // Ensure that the Argument is of a collection type
            //
            RequireCollectionArgument(argument); 

            // 
            // Ensure that the Distinct operation is valid for the input 
            //
            CollectionType inputType = TypeHelpers.GetEdmType(argument.ResultType); 
            if (!TypeHelpers.IsValidDistinctOpType(inputType.TypeUsage))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Distinct_InvalidCollection, "argument");
            } 

            return argument.ResultType; 
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateElement(DbExpression argument) 
        {
            ValidateUnary(argument);

            // 
            // Ensure that the operand is actually of a collection type.
            // 
            RequireCollectionArgument(argument); 

            // 
            // Result Type is the element type of the collection type
            //
            return TypeHelpers.GetEdmType(argument.ResultType).TypeUsage;
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateIsEmpty(DbExpression argument) 
        { 
            ValidateUnary(argument);
 
            //
            // Ensure that the Argument is of a collection type
            //
            RequireCollectionArgument(argument); 

            return _booleanType; 
        } 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateExcept(DbExpression left, DbExpression right) 
        {
            ValidateBinary(left, right);

            // 
            // Ensures the left and right operands are each of a comparable collection type
            // 
            RequireComparableCollectionArguments(left, right); 

            // 
            // Left Except Right produces a result with the same type as the Left operand
            // A Left operand with Type NullType is not allowed.
            //
            if (TypeSemantics.IsNullType(left.ResultType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Except_LeftNullTypeInvalid, "left"); 
            } 

            return left.ResultType; 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateIntersect(DbExpression left, DbExpression right)
        { 
            ValidateBinary(left, right);
 
            // 
            // Ensures the left and right operands are each of a comparable collection type
            // 
            return RequireComparableCollectionArguments(left, right);
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateUnionAll(DbExpression left, DbExpression right) 
        {
            ValidateBinary(left, right); 
 
            //
            // Ensure that the left and right operands are each of a collection type and that a common type exists for those types. 
            //
            return RequireCollectionArguments(left, right);
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateLimit(DbExpression argument, DbExpression limit)
        { 
            // 
            // Initialize the Argument ExpressionLink. In addition to being non-null and from the same command tree,
            // the Argument expression must have a collection result type. 
            //
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(argument, "argument");
            RequireCollectionArgument(argument);
 
            //
            // Initialize the Limit ExpressionLink. In addition to being non-null and from the same command tree, 
            // the Limit expression must also have an integer result type. 
            //
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(limit, "count"); 
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsIntegerNumericType(limit.ResultType))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Limit_IntegerRequired, "limit");
            } 

            // 
            // Currently the Limit expression is also required to be either a DbConstantExpression or a DbParameterReferenceExpression. 
            //
            if (limit.ExpressionKind != DbExpressionKind.Constant && 
                limit.ExpressionKind != DbExpressionKind.ParameterReference)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Limit_ConstantOrParameterRefRequired, "limit");
            } 

            // 
            // For constants, verify the limit is non-negative. 
            //
            if (ArgumentValidation.IsConstantNegativeInteger(limit)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Limit_NonNegativeLimitRequired, "limit");
            }
 
            return argument.ResultType;
        } 
        #endregion 

        #region General Operators - Case, Function, NewInstance, Property 

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateCase(IEnumerable whenExpressions, IEnumerable thenExpressions, DbExpression elseExpression, out DbExpressionList validWhens, out DbExpressionList validThens)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(whenExpressions, "whenExpressions"); 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(thenExpressions, "thenExpressions");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(elseExpression, "elseExpression"); 
 
            //
            // All 'When's must produce a Boolean result, and a common (non-null) result type must exist 
            // for all 'Thens' and 'Else'. At least one When/Then clause is required and the number of
            // 'When's must equal the number of 'Then's.
            //
            validWhens = CreateExpressionList(whenExpressions, "whenExpressions", (exp, idx) => 
                {
                    RequireCompatibleType(exp, PrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, "whenExpressions", idx); 
                } 
            );
            Debug.Assert(validWhens.Count > 0, "CreateExpressionList(arguments, argumentName, validationCallback) allowed empty Whens?"); 

            TypeUsage commonResultType = null;
            validThens = CreateExpressionList(thenExpressions, "thenExpressions", (exp, idx) =>
                { 
                    if (null == commonResultType)
                    { 
                        commonResultType = exp.ResultType; 
                    }
                    else 
                    {
                        commonResultType = TypeHelpers.GetCommonTypeUsage(exp.ResultType, commonResultType);
                        if (TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(commonResultType))
                        { 
                            throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Case_InvalidResultType);
                        } 
                    } 
                }
            ); 
            Debug.Assert(validWhens.Count > 0, "CreateExpressionList(arguments, argumentName, validationCallback) allowed empty Thens?");

            commonResultType = TypeHelpers.GetCommonTypeUsage(elseExpression.ResultType, commonResultType);
            if (TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(commonResultType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Case_InvalidResultType); 
            } 

            // 
            // The number of 'When's must equal the number of 'Then's.
            //
            if (validWhens.Count != validThens.Count)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Case_WhensMustEqualThens);
            } 
 
            //
            // The result type of DbCaseExpression is the common result type 
            //
            return commonResultType;
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateFunction(EdmFunction function, IEnumerable arguments, out DbExpressionList validArgs)
        { 
            // 
            // Ensure that the function metadata is non-null and from the same metadata workspace and dataspace as the command tree.
            CheckFunction(function); 

            //
            // Non-composable functions or non-UDF functions including command text are not permitted in expressions -- they can only be
            // executed independently 
            //
            if (!function.IsComposableAttribute) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Function_NonComposableInExpression, "function");
            } 
            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(function.CommandTextAttribute) && !function.HasUserDefinedBody)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Function_CommandTextInExpression, "function");
            } 

            // 
            // Functions that return void are not allowed 
            //
            if (null == function.ReturnParameter || 
                TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(function.ReturnParameter.TypeUsage))
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Function_VoidResultInvalid, "function");
            } 

            // 
            // Validate the arguments 
            //
            FunctionParameter[] expectedParams = GetExpectedParameters(function); 
            validArgs = CreateExpressionList(arguments, "arguments", expectedParams.Length, (exp, idx) =>
                {
                    ArgumentValidation.RequireCompatibleType(exp, expectedParams[idx].TypeUsage, "arguments", idx);
                } 
            );
 
            return function.ReturnParameter.TypeUsage; 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateInvoke(DbLambda lambda, IEnumerable arguments, out DbExpressionList validArguments)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(lambda, "lambda");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(arguments, "arguments"); 

            // Each argument must be type-compatible with the corresponding lambda variable for which it supplies the value 
            validArguments = null; 
            var argValidator = CreateValidator(arguments, "arguments", (exp, idx) =>
                { 
                    RequireCompatibleType(exp, lambda.Variables[idx].ResultType, "arguments", idx);
                    return exp;
                },
                expList => new DbExpressionList(expList) 
            );
            argValidator.ExpectedElementCount = lambda.Variables.Count; 
            validArguments = argValidator.Validate(); 

            // The result type of the lambda expression is the result type of the lambda body 
            return lambda.Body.ResultType;
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNewCollection(IEnumerable elements, out DbExpressionList validElements) 
        {
            TypeUsage commonElementType = null; 
            validElements = CreateExpressionList(elements, "elements", (exp, idx) => 
                {
                    if (commonElementType == null) 
                    {
                        commonElementType = exp.ResultType;
                    }
                    else 
                    {
                        commonElementType = TypeSemantics.GetCommonType(commonElementType, exp.ResultType); 
                    } 

                    if (TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(commonElementType)) 
                    {
                        throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Factory_NewCollectionInvalidCommonType, "collectionElements");
                    }
                } 
            );
 
            Debug.Assert(validElements.Count > 0, "CreateExpressionList(arguments, argumentName, validationCallback) allowed empty elements list?"); 

            return CreateCollectionResultType(commonElementType); 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNewEmptyCollection(TypeUsage collectionType, out DbExpressionList validElements)
        { 
            CheckType(collectionType, "collectionType");
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsCollectionType(collectionType)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_NewInstance_CollectionTypeRequired, "collectionType");
            } 

            //

 

 
 
            validElements = new DbExpressionList(new DbExpression[] { });
            return collectionType; 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNewRow(IEnumerable> columnValues, out DbExpressionList validElements)
        { 
            List> columnTypes = new List>();
            var columnValidator = CreateValidator(columnValues, "columnValues", (columnValue, idx) => 
                { 
                    CheckNamed(columnValue, "columnValues", idx);
                    columnTypes.Add(new KeyValuePair(columnValue.Key, columnValue.Value.ResultType)); 
                    return columnValue.Value;
                },
                expList => new DbExpressionList(expList)
            ); 
            columnValidator.GetName = ((columnValue, idx) => columnValue.Key);
            validElements = columnValidator.Validate(); 
            return CreateResultType(TypeHelpers.CreateRowType(columnTypes)); 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNew(TypeUsage instanceType, IEnumerable arguments, out DbExpressionList validArguments)
        {
            //
            // Ensure that the type is non-null, valid and not NullType 
            //
            CheckType(instanceType, "instanceType"); 
 
            CollectionType collectionType = null;
            if (TypeHelpers.TryGetEdmType(instanceType, out collectionType) && 
                collectionType != null)
            {
                // Collection arguments may have zero count for empty collection construction
                TypeUsage elementType = collectionType.TypeUsage; 
                validArguments = CreateExpressionList(arguments, "arguments", true, (exp, idx) =>
                    { 
                        RequireCompatibleType(exp, elementType, "arguments", idx); 
                    });
            } 
            else
            {
                List expectedTypes = GetStructuralMemberTypes(instanceType);
                int pos = 0; 
                validArguments = CreateExpressionList(arguments, "arguments", expectedTypes.Count, (exp, idx) =>
                    { 
                        RequireCompatibleType(exp, expectedTypes[pos++], "arguments", idx); 
                    });
            } 

            return instanceType;
        }
 
        private static List GetStructuralMemberTypes(TypeUsage instanceType)
        { 
            StructuralType structType = instanceType.EdmType as StructuralType; 
            if (null == structType)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_NewInstance_StructuralTypeRequired, "instanceType");
            }

            if (structType.Abstract) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_NewInstance_CannotInstantiateAbstractType(TypeHelpers.GetFullName(instanceType)), "instanceType"); 
            } 

            var members = TypeHelpers.GetAllStructuralMembers(structType); 
            if (members == null || members.Count < 1)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_NewInstance_CannotInstantiateMemberlessType(TypeHelpers.GetFullName(instanceType)), "instanceType");
            } 

            List memberTypes = new List(members.Count); 
            for (int idx = 0; idx < members.Count; idx++) 
            {
                memberTypes.Add(Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(members[idx])); 
            }
            return memberTypes;
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateNewEntityWithRelationships(EntityType entityType, IEnumerable attributeValues, IList relationships, out DbExpressionList validArguments, out System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection validRelatedRefs)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(entityType, "entityType"); 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(attributeValues, "attributeValues");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(relationships, "relationships"); 

            TypeUsage resultType = CreateResultType(entityType);
            resultType = ArgumentValidation.ValidateNew(resultType, attributeValues, out validArguments);
 
            if (relationships.Count > 0)
            { 
                List relatedRefs = new List(relationships.Count); 
                for (int idx = 0; idx < relationships.Count; idx++)
                { 
                    DbRelatedEntityRef relatedRef = relationships[idx];
                    EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(relatedRef, StringUtil.FormatIndex("relationships", idx));

                    // The source end type must be the same type or a supertype of the Entity instance type 
                    EntityTypeBase expectedSourceType = TypeHelpers.GetEdmType(relatedRef.SourceEnd.TypeUsage).ElementType;
                    // 
                    if (!entityType.EdmEquals(expectedSourceType) && 
                       !entityType.IsSubtypeOf(expectedSourceType))
                    { 
                        throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_NewInstance_IncompatibleRelatedEntity_SourceTypeNotValid, StringUtil.FormatIndex("relationships", idx));
                    }

                    relatedRefs.Add(relatedRef); 
                }
                validRelatedRefs = relatedRefs.AsReadOnly(); 
            } 
            else
            { 
                validRelatedRefs = new System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection(new DbRelatedEntityRef[] { });
            }

            return resultType; 
        }
 
        internal static TypeUsage ValidateProperty(DbExpression instance, EdmMember property, string propertyArgumentName) 
        {
            // 
            // Validate the member
            //
            CheckMember(property, propertyArgumentName);
 
            //
            // Validate the instance 
            // 
            if (null == instance)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Property_InstanceRequiredForInstance, "instance");
            }

            TypeUsage expectedInstanceType = TypeUsage.Create(property.DeclaringType); 
            RequireCompatibleType(instance, expectedInstanceType, "instance");
 
            Debug.Assert(!TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(property)), "EdmMember metadata has a TypeUsage of null or NullType"); 

            return Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(property); 
        }

        internal static TypeUsage ValidateProperty(DbExpression instance, string propertyName, bool ignoreCase, out EdmMember foundMember)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(instance, "instance");
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(propertyName, "propertyName"); 
 
            //
            // EdmProperty, NavigationProperty and RelationshipEndMember are the only valid members for DbPropertyExpression. 
            // Since these all derive from EdmMember they are declared by subtypes of StructuralType,
            // so a non-StructuralType instance is invalid.
            //
            StructuralType structType; 
            if (TypeHelpers.TryGetEdmType(instance.ResultType, out structType))
            { 
                // 
                // Does the type declare a member with the given name?
                // 
                if (structType.Members.TryGetValue(propertyName, ignoreCase, out foundMember) &&
                    foundMember != null)
                {
                    // 
                    // If the member is a RelationshipEndMember, call the corresponding overload.
                    // 
                    if (Helper.IsRelationshipEndMember(foundMember) || 
                        Helper.IsEdmProperty(foundMember) ||
                        Helper.IsNavigationProperty(foundMember)) 
                    {
                        return Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(foundMember);
                    }
                } 
            }
 
            throw EntityUtil.ArgumentOutOfRange(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Factory_NoSuchProperty(propertyName, TypeHelpers.GetFullName(instance.ResultType)), "propertyName"); 
        }
 
        #endregion

        private static void CheckNamed(KeyValuePair element, string argumentName, int index)
        { 
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(element.Key))
            { 
                if (index != -1) 
                {
                    argumentName = StringUtil.FormatIndex(argumentName, index); 
                }
                throw EntityUtil.ArgumentNull(string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.Key", argumentName));
            }
 
            if (null == element.Value)
            { 
                if (index != -1) 
                {
                    argumentName = StringUtil.FormatIndex(argumentName, index); 
                }
                throw EntityUtil.ArgumentNull(string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.Value", argumentName));
            }
        } 

        private static void CheckReadOnly(GlobalItem item, string varName) 
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(item, varName);
            if (!(item.IsReadOnly)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_MetadataNotReadOnly, varName);
            }
        } 

        private static void CheckReadOnly(TypeUsage item, string varName) 
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(item, varName);
            if (!(item.IsReadOnly)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_MetadataNotReadOnly, varName);
            }
        } 

        private static void CheckReadOnly(EntitySetBase item, string varName) 
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(item, varName);
            if (!(item.IsReadOnly)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_MetadataNotReadOnly, varName);
            }
        } 

        private static void CheckType(EdmType type) 
        { 
            CheckType(type, "type");
        } 

        private static void CheckType(EdmType type, string argumentName)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(type, argumentName); 
            CheckReadOnly(type, argumentName);
        } 
 
        /// 

        /// Ensures that the  specified type is non-null, associated with the correct metadata workspace/dataspace, and is not NullType. 
        /// 
        /// The type usage instance to verify.
        /// If the specified type metadata is null
        /// If the specified type metadata belongs to a metadata workspace other than the workspace of the command tree 
        /// If the specified type metadata belongs to a dataspace other than the dataspace of the command tree
        private static void CheckType(TypeUsage type) 
        { 
            CheckType(type, "type");
        } 

        private static void CheckType(TypeUsage type, string varName)
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(type, varName); 
            CheckReadOnly(type, varName);
 
            if (TypeSemantics.IsNullType(type)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_General_NullTypeInvalid, varName); 
            }

            // TypeUsage constructor is responsible for basic validation of EdmType
            Debug.Assert(type.EdmType != null, "TypeUsage constructor allowed null EdmType?"); 

            if (!CheckDataSpace(type)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_TypeUsageIncorrectSpace, "type");
            } 
        }

        /// 

        /// Verifies that the specified member is valid - non-null, from the same metadata workspace and data space as the command tree, etc 
        /// 
        /// The member to verify 
        /// The name of the variable to which this member instance is being assigned 
        private static void CheckMember(EdmMember memberMeta, string varName)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(memberMeta, varName);
            CheckReadOnly(memberMeta.DeclaringType, varName);

            // EdmMember constructor is responsible for basic validation 
            Debug.Assert(memberMeta.Name != null, "EdmMember constructor allowed null name?");
            Debug.Assert(!TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(memberMeta.TypeUsage), "EdmMember constructor allowed null/NullType for TypeUsage?"); 
            Debug.Assert(!TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(memberMeta.DeclaringType), "EdmMember constructor allowed null/NullType for DeclaringType?"); 

            if(!CheckDataSpace(memberMeta.TypeUsage) || !CheckDataSpace(memberMeta.DeclaringType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_EdmMemberIncorrectSpace, varName);
            }
        } 

        private static void CheckParameter(FunctionParameter paramMeta, string varName) 
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(paramMeta, varName);
            CheckReadOnly(paramMeta.DeclaringFunction, varName); 

            // FunctionParameter constructor is responsible for basic validation
            Debug.Assert(paramMeta.Name != null, "FunctionParameter constructor allowed null name?");
            Debug.Assert(!TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(paramMeta.TypeUsage), "FunctionParameter constructor allowed null/NullType for TypeUsage?"); 

            // Verify that the parameter is from the same workspace as the DbCommandTree 
            if (!CheckDataSpace(paramMeta.TypeUsage)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_FunctionParameterIncorrectSpace, varName); 
            }
        }

        /// 
 
        /// Verifies that the specified function metadata is valid - non-null and either created by this command tree (if a LambdaFunction) or from the same metadata collection and data space as the command tree (for ordinary function metadata)
        /// 
 
        /// The function metadata to verify 
        private static void CheckFunction(EdmFunction function)
        { 
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(function, "function");
            CheckReadOnly(function, "function");

            Debug.Assert(function.Name != null, "EdmType constructor allowed null name?"); 

            if (!CheckDataSpace(function)) 
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_FunctionIncorrectSpace, "function");
            } 

            // Composable functions must have a return parameter.
            if (function.IsComposableAttribute && null == function.ReturnParameter)
            { 
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_FunctionReturnParameterNull, "function");
            } 
 
            // Verify that the function ReturnType - if present - is from the DbCommandTree's metadata collection and dataspace
            // A return parameter is not required for non-composable functions. 
            if (function.ReturnParameter != null)
            {
                Debug.Assert(!TypeSemantics.IsNullOrNullType(function.ReturnParameter.TypeUsage), "FunctionParameter constructor allowed null/NullType for TypeUsage?");
 
                if (!CheckDataSpace(function.ReturnParameter.TypeUsage))
                { 
                    throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_FunctionParameterIncorrectSpace, "function.ReturnParameter"); 
                }
            } 

            // Verify that the function parameters collection is non-null and,
            // if non-empty, contains valid IParameterMetadata instances.
            IList functionParams = function.Parameters; 
            Debug.Assert(functionParams != null, "EdmFunction constructor did not initialize Parameters?");
 
            for (int idx = 0; idx < functionParams.Count; idx++) 
            {
                CheckParameter(functionParams[idx], StringUtil.FormatIndex("function.Parameters", idx)); 
            }
        }

        /// 
 
        /// Verifies that the specified EntitySet is valid with respect to the command tree
        /// 
 
        /// The EntitySet to verify 
        /// The variable name to use if an exception should be thrown
        private static void CheckEntitySet(EntitySetBase entitySet, string varName) 
        {
            EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(entitySet, varName);
            CheckReadOnly(entitySet, varName);
 
            // EntitySetBase constructor is responsible for basic validation of set name and element type
            Debug.Assert(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(entitySet.Name), "EntitySetBase constructor allowed null/empty set name?"); 
 
            //
            // Verify the Extent's Container 
            //
            if (null == entitySet.EntityContainer)
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_EntitySetEntityContainerNull, varName); 
            }
 
            if(!CheckDataSpace(entitySet.EntityContainer)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_EntitySetIncorrectSpace, varName); 
            }

            //
            // Verify the Extent's Entity Type 
            //
            // EntitySetBase constructor is responsible for basic validation of set name and element type 
            Debug.Assert(entitySet.ElementType != null, "EntitySetBase constructor allowed null container?"); 

            if(!CheckDataSpace(entitySet.ElementType)) 
            {
                throw EntityUtil.Argument(System.Data.Entity.Strings.Cqt_Metadata_EntitySetIncorrectSpace, varName);
            }
        } 

        private static bool CheckDataSpace(TypeUsage type) 
        { 
            return CheckDataSpace(type.EdmType);
        } 

        private static bool CheckDataSpace(GlobalItem item)
        {
            // Since the set of primitive types and canonical functions are shared, we don't need to check for them. 
            // Additionally, any non-canonical function in the C-Space must be a cached store function, which will
            // also not be present in the workspace. 
            if (BuiltInTypeKind.PrimitiveType == item.BuiltInTypeKind || 
                (BuiltInTypeKind.EdmFunction == item.BuiltInTypeKind && DataSpace.CSpace == item.DataSpace))
            { 
                return true;
            }

            // Transient types should be checked according to their non-transient components 
            if (Helper.IsRowType(item))
            { 
                foreach (EdmProperty prop in ((RowType)item).Properties) 
                {
                    if (!CheckDataSpace(prop.TypeUsage)) 
                    {
                        return false;
                    }
                } 

                return true; 
            } 
            else if (Helper.IsCollectionType(item))
            { 
                return CheckDataSpace(((CollectionType)item).TypeUsage);
            }
            else if (Helper.IsRefType(item))
            { 
                return CheckDataSpace(((RefType)item).ElementType);
            } 
            else 
            {
                return (item.DataSpace == DataSpace.SSpace || item.DataSpace == DataSpace.CSpace); 
            }
        }

        private static TypeUsage CreateCollectionOfRowResultType(List> columns) 
        {
            TypeUsage retUsage = TypeUsage.Create( 
                    TypeHelpers.CreateCollectionType( 
                        TypeUsage.Create(
                            TypeHelpers.CreateRowType(columns) 
                        )
                    )
                );
 
            return retUsage;
        } 
 
        private static TypeUsage CreateCollectionResultType(EdmType type)
        { 
            TypeUsage retUsage = TypeUsage.Create(
                    TypeHelpers.CreateCollectionType(
                        TypeUsage.Create(type)
                    ) 
                );
 
            return retUsage; 
        }
 
        private static TypeUsage CreateCollectionResultType(TypeUsage type)
        {
            TypeUsage retUsage = TypeUsage.Create(TypeHelpers.CreateCollectionType(type));
            return retUsage; 
        }
 
        private static TypeUsage CreateResultType(EdmType resultType) 
        {
            return TypeUsage.Create(resultType); 
        }

        private static TypeUsage CreateResultType(RelationshipEndMember end)
        { 
            TypeUsage retType = end.TypeUsage;
            if (!TypeSemantics.IsReferenceType(retType)) 
            { 
                //
                // The only relation end that is currently allowed to have a non-Reference type is the Child end of 
                // a composition, in which case the end type must be an entity type.
                //
                //Debug.Assert(end.Relation.IsComposition && !end.IsParent && (end.Type is EntityType), "Relation end can only have non-Reference type if it is a Composition child end");
 
                retType = TypeHelpers.CreateReferenceTypeUsage(TypeHelpers.GetEdmType(retType));
            } 
 
            //
            // If the upper bound is not 1 the result type is a collection of the given type 
            //
            if (RelationshipMultiplicity.Many == end.RelationshipMultiplicity)
            {
                retType = TypeHelpers.CreateCollectionTypeUsage(retType); 
            }
 
            return retType; 
        }
 
        private static TypeUsage CreateReferenceResultType(EntityTypeBase referencedEntityType)
        {
            return TypeUsage.Create(TypeHelpers.CreateReferenceType(referencedEntityType));
        } 

        /// 
 
        /// Requires: non-null expression 
        /// Determines whether the expression is a constant negative integer value. Always returns
        /// false for non-constant, non-integer expression instances. 
        /// 
        private static bool IsConstantNegativeInteger(DbExpression expression)
        {
            return (expression.ExpressionKind == DbExpressionKind.Constant && 
                    TypeSemantics.IsIntegerNumericType(expression.ResultType) &&
                    Convert.ToInt64(((DbConstantExpression)expression).Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) < 0); 
        } 

        private static bool TryGetPrimitiveTypeKind(Type clrType, out PrimitiveTypeKind primitiveTypeKind) 
        {
            primitiveTypeKind = default(PrimitiveTypeKind);

            PrimitiveType primitiveType = null; 
            if (ClrProviderManifest.Instance.TryGetPrimitiveType(clrType, out primitiveType))
            { 
                primitiveTypeKind = primitiveType.PrimitiveTypeKind; 
                return true;
            } 
            return false;
        }
    }
} 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.


                        

                        

                        
                        

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